See among many others: RisseGB. Hospital life in enlightenment ScotlandCambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. MacDonald M. Mystical bedlam. Madness, anxiety, and healing in seventeenth century England Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Porter R. Laymen, doctors and medical knowledge in the eighteenth century: the evidence of the Gentleman's Magazine. In: Porter R (ed.). Patients and practitioners. Lay perceptions of medicine in pre-industrial society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985;283–314.
2.
See also: AndrewsJ. Hardly a hospital, but a charity for pauper lunatics? Therapeutics at Bedlam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In: BarryJJonesC (eds). Medicine and charity before the welfare state. London: Routledge, 1991; 72–6. This gives the range of developing practices at London's Bedlam.
3.
DuncanA [senior]. Heads of lectures on the theory and practice of medicine4th edition. Edinburgh: Watson, Elder & Co., 1790;179.
4.
PorterR. Disease, medicine and society in England, 1560–1860London: MacMillan, 1987;25.
5.
Scottish Record Office (SRO) SC36/74/13, William Young (1815).
6.
SRO CS25/319, 14 February1710.
7.
The Edinburgh Evening Courant January 1783 39(1985):14.
8.
SmithISwannA. Medical officers and therapeutics, 1814–1921. In: AndrewsJSmithI (eds). ‘Let there be light again'. A history of Gartnavel Royal Hospital from its beginnings to the present day. Glasgow: Greater Glasgow Health Board, 1993; 56.
9.
SRO JC7/25, 12 June 1747 (Robert Spence).
10.
Parliamentary Papers (PP) 1816, VI, 398.
11.
Quoted in Hunter R, Macalpine I (eds). Three hundred years of psychiatry, 1535–1860 London:Oxford University Press, 1963;475.
12.
CullenW. First lines of the practice of physic4th edition. Edinburgh: C Elliot, 1784; iv:151.
13.
Cullen iv:152.
14.
Cullen iv:153.
15.
Cullen iv:154.
16.
Cullen iv:171.
17.
BuchanW. Domestic medicine; or, the family physician.Edinburgh: Balfour, Auld & Smellie, 1769; 520. This echoes Daniel Defoe's thoughts earlier in the century. Porter R. Mind-forg'd manacles. A history of madness in England from the Restoration to the Regency Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987; 148. Parry Jones WL. The trade in lunacy: a study of private madhouses in England and Wales in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries London:Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971; 243–9, notes commentary on the ill-treatment of those in private madhouses.
18.
PP 1816, VI, 371.
19.
PP 1816, VI, 368.
20.
PP 1816, VI, 369.
21.
SRO SC36/74/5, John McCormack (1795).
22.
GGHB HB13/7/184.
23.
Smith55.
24.
SRO SC5/24/2, Jean Bannerman (1755).
25.
SRO SC39/47/1, Elizabeth Nairne (1758).
26.
Sunyside Royal Hospital SR L/1. In 1818 only 4 of 63 patients were undergoing medical treatment at Aberdeen. Lobban RJB. Healing for the body as well as the soul: the Aberdeen Royal Asylum in the nineteenth century M.Litt. thesis. University of Aberdeen, 1993;38–9.
27.
ScullA (ed.)The asylum as utopia. W. A. F. Browne and the mid-nineteenth century consolidation of psychiatry London:Tavistock/Routledge, 1991; xvii.
28.
SRO SC36/74/13, William Young (1815).
29.
SRO SC36/74/5, Janet Brown (1795).
30.
RosnerL. Medical education in the age of improvement. Edinburgh students and apprentices, 1760–1826Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 1991; 22.
31.
Cullen iii:266–7.
32.
SRO SC39/47/3, Michael Potter (1768).
33.
ArmetH. Extracts from the records of the burgh of Edinburgh, 1689–1701 Edinburgh:Oliver & Boyd, 1962;280.
34.
ArnotH. The history of EdinburghEdinburgh:Thomas Turnbull, 1816; 151.
35.
WatsonWNB. Early baths and bagnios in Edinburgh. Book of the Old Edinburgh Club1974; 34:57–61.
36.
Edinburgh City Archives, Town Council Minute Books, vol. 56, 270.
37.
Mitchell A. On various superstititions in the north-west Highlands and Islands of Scotland, especially in relation to lunacy, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 1860–2; 4:251. Mackinlay JM. Folklore of Scottish lochs and springs Glasgow:W. Hodge & Co., 1893; 117–26. Water cures for insanity were also popular at Struthill in the parish of Muthill, Perthshire.
38.
Mitchell262–3.
39.
CampbellJG. Witchcraft and second sight in the Highlands and Islands of ScotlandGlasgow:James Maclehose, 1902; 97–9. Comrie JD. History of Scottish medicine to 1800 London:Baillière, Tindal & Cox, 1927; 18. A bell may also have been included in the ritual.
40.
SRO SC67/42/1, John McLauchlane (1733).
41.
MarshallW. Historic scenes in PerthshireEdinburgh:Oliphant, 1880; 438–9. The well was still used in the 1840s but, according to the New Statistical Account, it was only visited by strangers and produced no cures. It was presumably this to which Tobias Smollett was referring in his 1752 Essay on the external use of water: ‘in some parts of this island it hath been a common practice in the mania.to reinforce the power of the cold bath by shutting up the patient alone, and properly secured, in a solitary church, where his fancy might be haunted all night long'. Quoted in Hunter and Macalpine, Three hundred years of psychiatry,255.
42.
Probably Thomas Brisbane, physician, son of Matthew and First Professor of Anatomy and Botany at Glasgow. Duncan A. Memorials of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1599–1850 Glasgow:James Maclehose, 1896; 251. His father had been closely involved in the Renfrewshire witchcraft trials of 1696–7. Ibid., 112–3.
43.
DigbyA. Moral treatment at the Retreat, 1796–1846. In: BynumWFPorterRShepherdM (eds). The anatomy of madness. Essays in the history of psychiatry vol. 2. London: Tavistock, 1985; 53.
44.
Digby 52–72. Scull AT. The most solitary of afflictions. Madness and society in Britain, 1700–1900 London: Yale University Press, 1993; 96–103, also discusses moral therapy at the York Retreat. For Scotland, the printed regulations of all the public asylums of the late 1810s summarise the ideas.
45.
Porter207.
46.
LobbanRJB. P.48 notes an 1820s inventory which includes a correction chair, body belts, strait waistcoats, hand and foot restraints, and bed straps.
47.
SRO SC39/47/8, John Hay (1811).
48.
GoodleeA. Aspects of non-conformity: Quakers and the lunatic fringe. In: BynumWFPorterRShepherdM (eds). The anatomy of madness. Essays in the history of psychiatry vol. 2. London: Tavistock, 1985; 73–6.
49.
SRO SC39/36/2, Margaret Crawford (1737).
50.
SRO SC39/47/2, Alexander Goldie (1765).
51.
SRO SC39/47/3, Hugh Maxwell (1784).
52.
SRO SC67/57/16, George Thomson (1818).
53.
This contrasts with England where alternatives to medicine had been discredited by their association with religious fanaticism. MacDonald M. Religion, social change and psychological healing in England, 1600–1800. In: Sheils WJ. The church and healing. Oxford:Blackwell, 1982; 119, 123.
54.
HaleyD. Religion and the chaplaincy. In: AndrewsJSmithI (eds). ‘Let there be light again.’ A history of Gartnavel Royal Hospital from its beginnings to the present day. Glasgow: GGHB1993; 18.
55.
Haley21.
56.
Haley18–19.
57.
Haley19.
58.
UwinsDavid. (1833) quoted in Hunter and Macalpine 834.
59.
Haley21.
60.
Haley 19, 21.
61.
TsengWSHsuJ. Suggestions for intercultural psychotherapy. In: LoganMHHuntEE (eds). Health and the human condition. Perspectives on medical anthropology. Belmont, Cal:Duxbury Press, 1978; 298.
62.
SRO JC26/212, John Philip (1777).
63.
Edinburgh Weekly Journal vol. 3, no.136, p.249.
64.
SRO SC39/47/5a, William Somervell (1797).
65.
SRO SC54/2/216, Neil Campbell (1807).
66.
For example, SRO SC39/36/7, William Kellie (1765).
67.
SRO SC15/66/2, John Halliday (1818).
68.
GrahamEM. The Maxtones of CultoquheyEdinburgh:Moray Press, 1935; 70–1.
69.
SRO SC54/2/36, Duncan Campbell (1726).
70.
Buchan. Domestic medicine514–5, 522. See also the earlier treatise by the Edinburgh physician George Young: A treatise on opium, founded upon practical observations London:Millar, 1753.
71.
Cullen iv:160–3, 173, 184–6.
72.
LenmanBP (ed.). The statistical account of Scotland, 1791–99.vol. 13. AngusWakefield:EP Publishing, 1976; 548. Beer was served as part of everyone's diet at Dundee Lunatic Asylum c. 1820, but ‘no porter, ale, wine, or spirits allowed’ except when prescribed by the physician. Dundee University Library THB7/5/1(1), 10 January 1820. However, it was still possible for private patients to secure wine and even whisky in moderation at Glasgow. Andrews J. The patient population. In: Andrews J, Smith I (eds). ‘Let there be light again.’ A history of Gartnavel Royal Hospital from its beginnings to the present day. Glasgow:GGHB, 1993;112.
73.
Risse. Hospital life 224–5. In The juice of the grape (1724) Peter Shaw had advocated wine, exercise, and cheerful conversation as therapies. Quoted in Hunter and Macalpine, Three hundred years of psychiatry 311–2.
74.
SRO SC54/2/216, Neil Campbell (1807).
75.
SRO SC39/36/13, James Edwards (1794).
76.
SRO SC36/74/1, pp. 191–221, Joseph Howie elder (1764). It is not specified if the spirits were neat whisky or brandy or some other alcohol-based preparation. Certain patent medicines had the word ‘spirit’ in them and, while they may not have been neat alcohol, they did have a high alcoholic content.
77.
GGHB HB13/7/183.
78.
GGHB HB13/7/184.
79.
Third annual report of the directors of the Glasgow asylum for lunatics 1817 Glasgow: James Hedderwich & Sons, 1817;5.
80.
SRO JC26/223.
81.
BickfordJAR and ME. The private lunatic asylums of the East RidingBeverley:East Yorkshire Local History Society, 1976; 55.
82.
BeveridgeA. James Hogg and abnormal psychology: some background notes. Studies in Hogg and his World 2 1991, 91.
83.
PorterR. Madness and its institutions. In: WearA (ed.). Medicine in society: historical essays. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1992; 277–8.
