BadhamC. Observations on the inflammatory affections of the mucous membranes of the bronchi. London: Callow, 1808.
2.
LaennecRTH. A treatise on the diseases of the chest and on mediate auscultation. Translated by John Forbes. 2nd ed.London: Underwood, 1827.
3.
TannerTH. The Practice of Medicine. 6th Edition. Vol 1, Part V, section X. Bronchitis. London: Renshaw, 1869; 54–61.
4.
Ciba Guest Symposium. Terminology, definitions and classification of chronic pulmonary emphysema and related conditions. Thorax1959; 14:286–99.
5.
American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis1987; 139:225–44.
6.
European Respiratory Society Consensus Statement. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J1995; 8:1398–420.
7.
American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1995; 152:S77–120.
DollRPetoRWheatleyK. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ1994; 9:901–11.
10.
ChristieRV. Emphysema of the lungs. BMJ1944; 1:105–8, 143–6.
11.
MarksGBBurneyPGJ. Diseases of the respiratory system. Chapter 20.In:CharltonJMurphyM, eds. Health of adult Britain: 1841 to 1994 Part II. London: HMSO, 1997; 93–113.
12.
BarkerDGodfreyKFallC. Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ1991; 303:671–5.
13.
ShaharEFolsomARMelnickSL. Dietary R-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Eng J Med1994; 331:228–33.
14.
BrittonJRPavordIDRichardsKA. Dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and lung function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1995; 151:1383–7.
BecklakeMR. Occupational exposures: evidence for a causal association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis1989; 140:S85–9.
17.
FletcherCPetoRTinkerCMSpeizerFE. The natural history of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Oxford: OUP, 1976.
18.
FletcherCPetoR. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. BMJ1977; 1:1645–8.
19.
BurrowsBKnudsonRJClineMGLebowitzMD. Quantitative relationships between cigarette smoking and ventilatory function. Am Rev Respir Dis1977; 115:195–205.
20.
OrieNGMSluiterHJde VriesK. The host factor in bronchitis. In: Bronchitis. An international symposium, 27–29 April 1960, University of Gronigen. Assen: Royal Van Gorcum, 1961; 43–59.
21.
PetoRSpeizerFECochraneAL. The relevance in adults of air-flow obstruction, but not of mucus hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis1983; 128:491–500.
22.
Ebi-KrystonKL. Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function as predictors of 10-year mortality from respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in the Whitehall study. J Clin Epidemiol1988; 41:251–60.
23.
VestbøJPrescottELangeP, and The Copenhagen Heart Study Group. Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1996; 153:1530–5.
24.
TaylorRGJoyceHGrossE. Bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine and annual rate of decline in FEV1 in male smokers and ex-smokers. Thorax1985; 40:9–16.
25.
TashkinDPAltoseMDConnettJE. for the Lung Health Study Research Group. Airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis1992; 145:301–10.
26.
TashkinDPAltoseMDConnettJE. for the Lung Health Study Research Group. Methacholine reactivity predicts changes in lung function over time in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1996; 153:1802–11.
27.
GilloolyMLambD. Microscopic emphysema in relation to age and smoking habit. Thorax1993; 48:39–43.
28.
HoggJCWrightJLWiggsBR. Lung structure and function in cigarette smokers. Thorax1994; 49:473–8.
29.
ThurlbeckWMHoggJC. Lung structure and function in cigarette smokers. Thorax1994; 49:1276–7.
30.
AnthonisenNRConnettJEKileyJP. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anti-cholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA1994; 272:1497–505.
31.
Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline: Consensus Statement. JAMA1996; 275:1270–80.
32.
HurtRDSachsDPLGloverED. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med1997; 337:1195–202.
33.
CallaghanCMDittusRSKatzBP. Oral corticosteroid therapy for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med1991; 114:216–23.
34.
AlbertRKMartinTRLewisSW. Controlled clinical trial of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency. Ann Intern Med1980; 92:753–8.
35.
ThompsonWHNielsonCPCarvalhoP. Controlled trial of oral prednisolone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1996; 154:407–12.
36.
Van SchayckCPvan GrunsvenPMDekhuijzenPNR. Do patients with COPD benefit from treatment with inhaled corticosteroids?Eur Respir J1996; 9:1969–72.
37.
DompelingEvan SchayckCPvan GrunsvenPM. Slowing the deterioration of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease observed during bronchodilator therapy by adding inhaled corticosteroids. Ann Intern Med1993; 118:770–8.
38.
SaettaM. Airway pathology of COPD compared with asthma. Eur Respir Rev1997; 7(45):211–5.
39.
JefferyPK. Bronchial biopsies and airway inflammation. Eur Respir J1996; 9:1583–7.
40.
HutchisonDCSHughesMD. Alpha-1-antitrypsin replacement therapy: will its efficacy ever be proved?Eur Respir J1997; 10:2191–3.
41.
British Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax1997; 52(suppl 5):S1–28.
42.
Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic lung disease: a clinical trial. Ann Intern Med1980; 93:391–8.
43.
Medical Research Council Working Party. Long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet1981; i:681–6.
44.
StrömK. Survival of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving long-term oxygen therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis1993; 147:585–91.
45.
GóreckaDGorzelakKSliwinskiP. Effect of long term oxygen therapy on survival in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with moderate hypoxaemia. Thorax1997; 52:674–9.
46.
HosenpudJDBennettLEKeckBM. Effect of diagnosis on survival benefit of lung transplantation for end-stage lung disease. Lancet1998; 351:24–7.
47.
GaissertHATrulockEPCooperJC. Comparison of early results after volume reduction or lung transplantation for COPD. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1996; 111:296–307.
48.
MassaroG de CMassaroD. Retinoic acid treatment abrogates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats. Nature Medicine1997; 3:675–7.
49.
ManninoDMBrownCGiovinoGA. Obstructive lung disease deaths in the United States from 1979 through 1993: an analysis using multiple-cause mortality data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1997; 156:814–8.
50.
Nicolaides-BoumanAWaldNJForeyBLeeP. International Smoking Statistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
51.
MurrayCJLLopezAD. Evidence-based health policy - Lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Science1996; 274:740–3.
52.
MurrayCJLLopezAD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet1997; 349:1498–504.
53.
WaldNJHackshawAK. Cigarette smoking: an epidemiological overview. Br Med Bull1996; 52:3–11.