STATURE IN SCOTLAND OVER THE CENTURIES

1 Powell TG. The Celts. London: Thames and Hudson; 1995.

2Rosehill Lord. Notice of an underground chamber recently discovered at Crighton Mains. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1868; 8:105–08.

3 Bower W. A History Book of the Scots. Selections from Scotichronicon. Edinburgh: Mercat Press; 1998.

4 Nicholson R. Scotland: the Later Middle Ages. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd; 1978.

5 Royle T. Crimea. The Great Crimean War 1854–1856. London: Little, Brown; 1999.

6 Rosenbaum S. British Army recruits: 100 years of heights and weights. J R Army Med Corps 1992; 138:81–6.

7 Trotter M Gleser GC. A re-evaluation of estimation of stature based on measurement of stature taken during life and long-bones after death. Am J Phys Anthrop 1952; 10:463–514.

8 Mays S. The Archaeology of Human Bones. London: Routledge; 1998.

9 Lawson J. Radiocarbon dates: Cramond, Edinburgh NT1898 7697. Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 2002; 2:124. (Definitive publication awaits excavation of a nearby site where mesolithic stone tools have been identified by field walking.)

10 Wickham-Jones CR. Scotland’s First Settlers. London: Batsford; 1994.

11 Jackes M D Lubell Meiklejohn C. Healthy but mortal: human biology and the first farmers of western Europe. Antiquity 1997; 71:639–58.

12 Ashmore PJ. Neolithic and Bronze Age Scotland. London: Batsford; 1996.

13 Hedges JW. The Tomb of the Eagles. London: John Murray; 1984.

14 Bruce MF. The skeletons from the cists. In: Powerful Pots: Beakers in North-east Prehistory. Shepherd IA, editor. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press; 1986; 17–23.

15 Dalland M. Burials at Winton House, Cockenzie and Port Seton, East Lothian. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1991; 121:175–80.

16 Armit I. Celtic Scotland. London: Batsford; 1997.

17 Brothwell DR Powers R. The Iron Age people of Dunbar: Part II. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1964–5; 98:184–5.

18Dalland, op. cit. ref.15.

19 Henshall AS. A long cist cemetery at Parkburn sandpit, Lasswade, Midlothian. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1955–6; 89:252–83.

20 Proudfoot E. Excavations at the long cist cemetery on the Hallow Hill, St Andrews, Fife, 1975. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1996; 126:387–454.

21 Hutchison R. Notice of stone cists discovered near the ‘Catstane’, Kirkliston. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1865; 6:184–93.

22 Dalland M. Long cist burials at Four Winds, Longniddry, East Lothian. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1992; 122:197–206.

23 Bruce MF. The human remains. In: Castle Park Dunbar. Perry DR, editor. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland; 1998; 295–311.

24 Cardy A. The human bones. In: Whithorn and St Ninian. Hill P, editor. Stroud: Sutton; 1997; 519–62.

25 Dunwell AJ TG Cowie Bruce MF A Viking Age cemetery at Knip, Uig, Isle of Lewis. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1995; 125:719–52.

26 Edwards AJ. Excavations of graves at Ackergill and of an earth-house at Freswick Links, Caithness, and a description of the discovery of a Viking grave at Reay, Caithness. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1926–7; 61:202–09.

27 Graham-Campbell J Batey CE. Vikings in Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1998.

28 Welander RD C Batey A Viking burial from Kneep Cowie TG. , Uig, Isle of Lewis. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1987; 117:149–74.

29 Cross JF Bruce MF. The skeletal remains. In: Three Scottish Carmelite Friaries. Stones JA, editor. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland; 1989; 119–42.

30 Spalding RN DJ Sinclair Cox A Dry bones: a palyopathological study of skeletal remains from a medieval graveyard in Dundee. Scot Med J 1996; 41:56–9.

31 Smout TC. A History of the Scottish People, 1560–1830. London: Fontana; 1985.

32 Mokyr J Height O’Grada C. in health the United Kingdom 1815–1860: evidence from the East India Company Army. Explor Econ Hist 1996; 33:141–68.

33 Boyne AW Leitch I. Secular change in height of British adults. Nutr Abs Rev 1954; 24:255–69.

34 Floud R K Wachter Height Gregory A. Health and H istory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;1990.

35 Rosenbaum S. British Army recruits: 100 years of heights and weights. J Roy Army Med Corps 1992; 138:81–6.

36 Khoshla T Height Lowe CR. of weight British men. Lancet 1968; 1:742–5.

37 Hawthorne VM GM Watt Hart CL Cardiorespiratory disease in men and women in urban Scotland: baseline characteristics of the Renfrews/Paisley (midspan) study population. Scot Med J 1995; 40:102–07.

38 Cox M. Life and Death in Spitalfields 1770 to 1850. York: Council for British Archaeology; 1996.

39 Smout TC. A Century of the Scottish People. London: Fontana; 1997.

40 Newmann CG Onset Harrison GG. of evolution stunting in infants and children. Examples from the Human Nutrition Collaborative Research Program. Kenya and Egypt studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48(Suppl 1):S90–102.

41 Berkey CS JD Gardner Frazier AL Relation of childhood diet and body size to menarche and adolescent growth in girls. Am J Epidem 2000; 152:446–52.

42 Silventoinen K E Lahelma Social background Rahkonen O. body-height adult and health. Int J Epidem 1999; 28:911–18.

43 Silventoinen K J Kaprio Lahelma D Relative effect of genetic and environmental factors on body height: differences across birth cohorts amongst Finnish men and women. Am J Publ Health 2000; 90:627–30.

44 Fox RL. Alexander the Great. London: Penguin; 1986.