CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN THE ELDERLY

1Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) (now called NHS Central Register at ONS Southport). Data taken from Health and Lifestyle (HALS) Deaths Data 1984/5 to present. Principal Investigator: Cox BD, University of Cambridge. Department of Community Medicine.

2 MacMahon S R Peto Cutler J Blood Pressure, stroke and coronary heart disease. Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: Prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 335:765–74.

3 Glynn RJ TS Field Rosner B Evidence for a positive linear relation between blood pressure and mortality in elderly people. Lancet 1995; 345:825–9.

4 Port S L Demer Jennrich R Systolic blood pressure and mortality. Lancet 2000; 355:175–80.

5 Franklin S M Larson Khan S Does the relationship of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with ageing? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2001;103:1245.

6 Ramsay LE B Williams Johnston GD Guidelines for the management of hypertension: report of the third working party of the British Hypertensive Society 1999. Journal of Human Hypertension 1999; 13:569–92.

7 Dahlof B LH Lindholm Hansson L Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old People with Hypertension (STOP – Hypertension). Lancet 1991; 338:1281–5.

8 Gueyffier F C Bulpitt Boissel JP Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: a subgroup meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. INDANA Group. Lancet 1999; 353:793–6.

9 Bulpitt C A Fletcher Beckett N HYVET – Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial Protocols for the Main Study. Drugs and Ageing 2001;18:151–64.

10Guidelines for the diagnosis of heart failure. The Task force on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. European Heart Journal 1995; 16:741–51.

11European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Chronic Heart Failure Task Force Report. Eur Heart J 2001; 22:1527–60.

12SIGN 35: Diagnosis and treatment of Heart Failure due to Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction. Edinburgh: SIGN; 1999.

13 Ray SG MJ Metcalfe Oldroyd KG Do Radionuclide and echocardiographic techniques give a universal cut off value for left ventricular ejection fraction that can be used to select patients for treatment with ACE inhibitors after myocardial infarction? Br Heart J 1995; 73:466–9.

14 Cowie MR AD Struthers Wood DA Value of natriuretic peptides in assessment of patients with possible new heart failure in primary care. Lancet 1997; 350:1349–53.

15 Smith H RM Pickering Struthers A. Bichemical diagnosis of ventricular dysfunction in elderly patients in general practice. BMJ 2000; 320(7239):906–8.

16 Gardin JM D Siscovick Anton-Culver H Sex, age and disease affect echocardiographic left ventricular mass and systolic function in the free-living elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 1995; 91(6):1739–48.

17 Senni M CM Tribouilloy Rodeheffer RJ Congestive heart failure in the community: a study of all incident cases in Olmstead County, Minnesota, in 1991. Circulation 1998; 98:2282–9.

18 Davis LE. Dizziness in elderly men. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42:1184–8.

19 Lawson J J Fitzgerald Birchall J Diagnosis of geriatric patients with severe dizziness. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47:12–7.

20 Colledge NR RM Barr-Hamilton Lewis SJ Evaluation of investigations to diagnose the cause of dizziness in elderly people: a community based controlled study. BMJ 1996; 313:788–92.

21Tinetti ME,Williams CS, Gill TM. Dizziness among older adults: a possible geriatric syndrome. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132:337–44.

22 Grimby A Rosenhall U. Health-related quality of life and dizziness in old age. Gerontology 1995; 41:286–98.

23Cawthorne TE,Friedman G. Head movement exercises in the therapy of disorders of equilibrium. Original in German. Journal Suisse de Medecine 1969: 99:156–8.

24 McMurray J T Mc Donagh Morrison CE Trends in hospitalisation for heart failure in Scotland 1980–1990. Eur Heart J 1993; 14:1158–62.

25 Cowie MR DA Wood Coats AJ Survival of patients with a new diagnosis of heart failure: a population based study. Heart 2000; 83:505–10.

26The CONSENUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Co-operative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENUS). N Engl J Med 1987; 316:1429–35.

27 Pitt B PA Poole-Wilson Segal R Effect of Losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure – the Losartan Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 2000; 355:1582–7.

28The Digitalis Investigation Group. The Effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:525–33.

29 Starr I Luchi RJ. Blind Study on the action of digitoxin on elderly women. Am Heart J 1969; 78:740–51.

30 Dall JL. Maintenance digoxin in elderly patients. BMJ 1970; 2:705–6.

31 Barabino A G Galbariggi Pizzorni C Comparative effects of long term therapy with captopril and ibopamine in chronic congestive heart failure in old patients. Cardiology 1991; 78:243–56.

32The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of Enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and congestive cardiac failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:293–302.

33 Uretsky BF K Thygsen Armstrong PW Acute Coronary Findings at Autopsy in Heart Failure Patients with sudden death; Results from the Assessment of Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival (ATLAS) Trial. Circulation 2000; 102:611–16.

34 Conn JN Tognoni G for the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial I nvestigators. A Randomised Trial of the Angiotension- Receptor Blocker Valsartan in Chronic Heart Failure (VALHEF). N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1667–75.

35 CAFÉ study – in press.

36 Packer M AJS Coats Fowler MB Effect of Carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure – for the Carvediolol Prospective Randomised Cumulative Survival Group (COPERNICUS). N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1651–8.

37Anonymous. Effect of Metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999; 353:2001–07. A further useful paper is: Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, Hjalmarson A The MERIT-HF study group. Metoprolol CR/XL in patients with severe heart failure:analysis of the experience in the MERIT-HF study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38:932–8.

38 Pitt B F Zannad Willem JR The effect of Spironolactone on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Severe Heart Failure (for the Randomised Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators – RALES). N Engl J Med 1999; 341:709–17.

39Decisions relating to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. A joint statement by the British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing 2001.

40 Lindroos M M Kupari Heikkia J Prevalence of aortic valve abnormalities in the elderly: an echocardiographic study of a random population sample. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21:1220–5.

41 Gilbert T W Orr Banning AP. Surgery for aortic stenosis in severely symptomatic patients older that 80 years: experience in a single UK centre. Heart 1999; 82:138–42.

42 Bouma BJ RB Van Den Brink Van Der Meulen JH To operate or not on elderly patients with aortic stenosis: the decision and its consequences. Heart 1999; 143:143–8.

43 Pellika PA RA Nishimura Bailey KR The natural history of adults with asymptomatic haemodynamically significant aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15:1012–7.

44 Rosenhek R T Binder Porents G Predictors of outcome in severe asymptomatic aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:611–7.

45 Otto CM IG Burwash Legget ME Prospective study of asynptomatic valvular aortic stenosis. Clinical, echocardiographic, and excerise predictors of outcome. Circulation 1997; 95:262–70.

46 Rahimtoola SH. Should patients with asymptomatic mild or moderate aortic stenosis undergoing coronary bypass surgery also have valve replacement for their aortic stenosis? Heart 2001; 85:337–41.

47Kenny RA for the SAFE-PACE 2 Study Group. SAFE-PACE 2: syncope and falls in the elderly – pacing and carotid sinus evaluation. A randomised trial of cardiac pacing in older patients with falls and carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Europace 1999; 1:69–72.

48 Batchelor WB KJ Anstorm Muhlbaier LH Contemporary outcome trends in the elderly undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: results in 7,472 octogenerians. National Cardiovascular Network Collaboration. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36:723–30.

49 Thompson RC Jr Holmes DR Gersh BJ Predicting early and intermediate-term outcome of coronary angioplasty in the elderly. Circulation 1993; 88:1578–89.

50 Tan KH N Sulke Taub N Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients 70 years of age or older: 12 years experience. Br Heart J 1995; 74:310–7.

51The Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. Further information can be found at http://www.sts.org/outcomes/nne/nemain.html

52 Roach GW M Kanchuger Mangano CM Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischaemia Research Group and the Ischaemia Research and Education Foundation Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1857–63.

53Utrecht MICAB Program. http://home-3.worldonline.nl/∼expcardi/micabg.htm

54 Cane ME C Chen Bailey BM CABG in octogenarians: early and late events and actuarial survival in comparison with a matched population. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60:1033–7.

55 Williams DB RG Carrillo Traad EA Determinants of operative mortality in octogenarians undergoing coronary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60:1038–43.