IMPROVING THE CARE OF PATIENTS WITH PROGRESSIVE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH

1Langton Hewer R, Wood VA. Neurology in the United Kingdom. 2: A study of current neurological services for adults. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55(suppl):8-14.

2Association of British Neurologists. A policy statement on the number and distribution of consultants in adult neurology. London: Association of British Neurologists; 1990.

3Standing Medical Advisory Committee. New drugs for multiple sclerosis. London: NHS Executive; 1995.

4 Kurtzke JF. Geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis: An update with special reference to Europe and the Mediterranean region. Acta Neurol Scand 1980; 62(2):65-80.

5Swingler RJ Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in 604 general practices in the United Kingdom. Ann Neurol 1994; 36:303.

6Weinshenker BG The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. 1. Clinical course and disability. Brain 1989; 112:133-46.

7 Runmarker B Andersen O. Prognostic factors in a multiple sclerosis incidence cohort with twenty-five years of follow-up. Brain 1993; 116(Pt 1):117-34.

8WeinshenkerBG, Sibley WA. Natural history and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 1992; 5(2):203-11.

9 Goodkin DE D Hertsgaard Rudick RA. Exacerbation rates and adherence to disease type in a prospectively followed-up population with multiple sclerosis. Implications for clinical trials. Arch Neurol 1989; 46(10):1107-12.

10 Kurtzke JF. Rating neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983; 33:144-52.

11 Willoughby EW Paty DW. Scales for rating impairment in multiple sclerosis: a critique. Neurology 1988; 38(11):1793-8.

12Durelli L High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: clinicalimmunologic correlations. Neurology 1986; 36(2):238-43.

13 Milligan NM R Newcombe Compston DA. A doubleblind controlled trial of high dose methylprednisolone in patients with multiple sclerosis: 1. Clinical effects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50(5):511-6.

14Alam SM Methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: a comparison of oral with intravenous therapy at equivalent high dose. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56(11):1219-20.

15European Study Group on interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998; 352(9139):1491-7.

16Secondary Progressive Efficacy Clinical Trial of Recombinant Interferon-beta-1a in MS (Spectrims) Study Group. Randomized controlled trial of interferon-beta-1a in secondary progressive MS:clinical results. Neurology 2001; 56:1496-504.

17Edan G.et al. Therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone combined with methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: a randomised multicentre study of active disease using MRI and clinical criteria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 62:112-18.

18Beutler E The treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis with cladribine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93(4):1716-20.

19Goodkin DE Low-dose (7·5 mg) oral methotrexate reduces the rate of progression in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1995; 37(1):30-40.

20Brar SP Evaluation of treatment protocols on minimal to moderate spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991; 72(3):186-9.

21 Ladd H C Oist Jonsson B. The effect of Dantrium on spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1974; 50(4):397-408.

22Smith C Tizanidine treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis: results of a double blind placebo controlled trial. Neurology 1994; 44:S34-S43.

23Borg-Stein J Botulinum toxin for the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 72:364-8.

24 Nathan PW. Intrathecal phenol to relieve spasticity in paraplegia. Lancet 1959; II:1099-102.

25 Francis DA D Grundy Heron JR. The response to isoniazid of action tremor in multiple sclerosis and its assessment using polarised light goniometry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49:87-9.

26 Duquette P J Pleines de Souich P. Isoniazid for tremor in multiple sclerosis: a controlled trial. Neurology 1985; 35:1772-5.

27Hallett M Controlled trial of isoniazid therapy for severe postural cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1985; 35:1374-7.

28Dasgupta P The “Queen Square bladder stimulator”: a device for assisting emptying of the neurogenic bladder. Br J Urol 1997; 80:234-7.

29Krupp LB Fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1988; 45:435-7.

30Canadian MS Research Group. A randomized controlled trial of amantadine in fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 1987; 14:273-8.

31Krupp LB Fatigue therapy in multiple sclerosis: results of a double-blind, randomized, parallel trial of amantadine, pemoline, and placebo. Neurology 1995; 45(11):1956-61.

32Sheean GL An open-labelled clinical and electrophysiological study of 3,4-diaminopyridine in treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1998; 121:967-75.

33Freeman JA The impact of inpatient rehabilitation on progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1997; 42:236-44.

34Di Fabio RP Extended outpatient rehabilitation: its influence on symptom frequency, fatigue, and functional status for persons with progressive multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79(2):141-6.