APPROPRIATE ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIBING

1The Management and Control of Hospital Acquired Infection in Acute NHS Trusts in England. House of Commons Public Accounts Committee. 2000. This report can be found on:www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmpubacc.htm

2Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance. World Health Report on Infectious Diseases. 2000. This report can be found on:www.who.int/infectious-disease-report/2000/indexrpt2000_ text.html

3The Path of Least Resistance. Standing Medical Advisory Committee Sub-Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. London: Department of Health; 1998.

4Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance. Drugs and Therapeutics Bulletin 1999; 37:9-16.

5 Barlow GD Nathwani D. Sequential antibiotic therapy. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2000; 13:599-607.

6 Arason VA KG Kristinsson Sigurdsson JA Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study. BMJ 1996; 313:387-91.

7 Macfarlane J SA Lewis Macfarlane R Contemporary use of antibiotics in 1089 adults presenting with acute lower respiratory tract illness in general practice in the UK: implications for developing management guidelines. Respir Med 1997; 91:427-34.

8 Holmes WF RM Macfarlane Macfarlane JT. Defining the natural history of lower respiratory tract illness: increasing patient knowledge may assist physician prescribing. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1999; 157:A168.

9 Macfarlane JT WF Holmes Macfarlane RM. Reducing reconsultations for acute lower respiratory tract illness with an information leaflet: a randomised controlled study of patients in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 1997; 47:719-22.

10 Holmes WF JT Macfarlane Macfarlane RM The influence of antibiotics and other factors on re-consultation for acute respiratory tract illness in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 1997; 47:719-22.

11 Glasziou P Del Mar C. Upper respiratory tract infection. Clinical Evidence 2000; 3:738-9.

12 Zwart S APE Sachs Ruijs JHM Penicillin for acute sore throat: randomised double blind trial of seven days versus three days treatment or placebo in adults. BMJ 2000; 320: 150-4.

13 Sheikh A B Hurwitz Cave J. Antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. Issue 4. Oxford: Update Software; 2000.

14De Bruyn G. Diarrhoea. Clinical Evidence 2000; 3:320-6.

15 Farthing M R Feldman Finch R The management of infective gastroenteritis in adults. A consensus statement by an expert panel convened by the British Society for the Study of Infection. J Infect 1996; 33:143-52.

16 Glasziou PP CB Del Mar Hayem M Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. Issue 4. Oxford: Update Software; 2000.

17 Kozyrskyj AL GE Hildes-Ripstein Longstaffe SEA Short course antibiotics for acute otitis media (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. Issue 4. Oxford: Update Software; 2000.

18 Norrby SR. Short-term treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections in women. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12(3):458-67.

19 Lutters M Antibiotic duration for treating uncomplicated Vogt N. , symptomatic lower urinary tract infections in elderly women (Protocol for a Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. Issue 4. Oxford: Update Software; 2000.

20 Aronin SI P Peduzzi Quagliarello VJ. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis: risk stratification for adverse clinical outcome and effect of antibiotic timing. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129:862-9.

21 Begg N KAV Cartwright Cohen J Consensus statement on diagnosis, investigation, treatment and prevention of acute bacterial meningitis in immunocompetent adults. J Infect 1999; 39:1-15.

22 Saint S S Bent Vittinghaoff E Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases exacerbations: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1995; 273:957-60.

23 Jones GR Lowes JA. The Systemic inflammatory response syndrome as a predictor of bacteraemia and outcome from sepsis. Q J Med 1996; 89:515-22.

24 Talan DA WE Stamm Hooton TM Comparison of ciprofloxacin (7 days) and trimethroprim-sulphamethoxazole (14 days) for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women; a randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2000; 283:1583-9.

25Pneumonia Sub-Committee of the Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults admitted to hospital. Br J Hosp Med 1993; 49:346-50.

26 Neill AM IR Martin Weir R Community acquired pneumonia: aetiology and usefulness of severity criteria on admission. Thorax 1996; 51:1010-16.

27 Read RC. Evidence-based medicine: empiric antibiotic therapy in community acquired pneumonia. J Infect 1999; 39:171-8.

28 Nathwani D E Rubinstein Barlow G Do guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia improve the costeffectiveness of hospital care? Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:728-41.

29Edwards JE (Jr), Bodey GP, Bowden RA International conference for the development of a consensus on the management and prevention of severe candidal infections. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:43-59.

30 Barnes RA. Approaches to antifungal therapy in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2000; 13:609-14.

31 Pallares R J Linares Vadillo M Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain. N Eng J Med 1995; 333:474-80.

32 Oliver A R Cantón Campo P High frequency of hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis lung infection. Science 2000; 288:1251-3.