YEAR 2000 BUGS: THE END OF THE ANTIBIOTIC ERA?

1 Gerberding JL JE McGowan , Jr, Tenover FC. Emerging nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1999; 19:83-98.

2Institute of Medicine. Antimicrobial resistance: issues and options. Workshop Report. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1998.

3 Heymann D Koplan J. Drug resistance threatens to reverse medical progress (press release, 12 June, 2000). World Health Organisation, 2000.

4WHO warns that fight against drug resistance cannot rely on new antibacterials. Reuters Medical News 2000: 13 June, 2000.

5 McGowan JE Jr Drug resistance and nosocomial infections: epidemiology and prevention strategies. In: Finch RG, Williams R, editors. Balliere’s Clinical Infectious Diseases. London: Balliere Tindall; 1999; 177-92.

6 Pryor ER JE McGowan Jr , . Antimicrobial resistance revisited: a public health perspective. Curr Iss Public Health 1996; 1:244-50.

7 Swartz MN. Use of antimicrobial agents and drug resistance. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:491-2.

8 Dy ME JA Nord LaBombardi VJ The emergence of resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii: clinical and infection control implications. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20:565-7.

9 Murray BE. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:710-21.

10 Cohen ML. Epidemiology of drug resistance: implications for a post-antimicrobial era. Science 1992; 257:1050-5.

11 McGowan JE Jr , . Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and healthcare systems – four steps for effective response. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995; 18:67-70.

12 Perl TM. The threat of vancomycin resistance. Am J Med 1999; 106(Suppl 5A):26-37.

13 Tenover FC. Implications of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hospital Infection 1999; 43(Suppl):3-7.

14 Wong SSY TK Ng Yam WC Bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 36:261-8.

15Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin – Illinois, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000; 48:1165-7.

16 Woodford N M Warner Aucken HM. Vancomycin resistance among epidemic strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in England and Wales. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 45:258-9.

17Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory capacity to detect antimicrobial resistance, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000; 48:1167-71.

18 Wenzel RP Edmond MB. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: infection control considerations. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27:245-51.

19 Smith TL ML Pearson Wilcox KR Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:493-501.

20 McGowan JE Jr Tenover FC. Control of antimicrobial resistance in the health care system. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997; 11:297-311.

21 Kallen AJ TJ Driscoll Thornton S Increase in communityacquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a naval medical center. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21:223-6.

22 Abi-Hanna P AL Frank Quinn JP Clonal features of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:630-1.

23Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus – Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997–1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999; 48:707-10.

24 O’Brien FG JW Pearman Gracey M Community strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus involved in a hospital outbreak. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2858-62.

25 McGowan JE Jr The impact of changing pathogens of serious infections in hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:S124-S130.

26 Shahin R IL Johnson Jamieson F Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in a child care center following a case of disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999; 153:864-8.

27 Johnston L L Chui Chang N Cross-Canada spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via transplant organs. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:819-23.

28 Kak V Levine DP. Editorial response: community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections – where do we go from here? Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:801-2.

29 Doern GV AB Brueggemann Huynh H Antimicrobial resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1997–98. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5:757-65.

30 Thornsberry C ME Jones ML Hickey , Resistance surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis isolated in the United States, 1997–1998. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 4:749-59.

31 Reacher MH A Shah Livermore DM Bacteraemia and antibiotic resistance of its pathogens reported in England and Wales between 1990 and 1998: trend analysis. BMJ 2000; 320:213-6.

32 Dhillon SS Watanakunakorn C. Pneumococcal bacteremia associated with an infected central venous catheter. Chest 2000; 117:1515-6.

33 Jacobs MR. Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: rational antibiotic choices. Am J Med 1999; 106(Suppl 5A):48-52.

34 Greenberg RN Pneumococcal pneumonia in adults treated at University of Kentucky Medical Center Martin E. , 1995–1998: implications of pathogen resistance. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:1160-2.

35 Fiore AE JF Moroney Farley MM Clinical outcomes of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the era of antibiotic resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:71-7.

36 Metlay JP J Hoffman Cetron MS Impact of penicillin susceptibility on medical outcomes for adult patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:520-8.

37National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: tenth informational supplement (publication M100-S10). Villanova, Pennsylvania: NCCLS; 2000; vol. 19.

38 Heffelfinger JD SF Dowell Jorgensen JH Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance. A report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:1399-408.

39 Brook I. Decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones: a growing concern. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2000; 2:113-4.

40 Davies TA GA Pankuch Dewasse BE In vitro development of resistance to five quinolones and amoxicillinclavulanate in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1177-82.

41 Ho PL TL Que Tsang DN Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance among multiply resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Hong Kong. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1310-3.

42 Chen DK A McGeer de Azavedo JC Decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones in Canada. Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:233-9.

43 Novak R B Henriques Charpentier E Emergence of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nature 1999; 399:590-3.

44 McCullers JA BK English Isolation Novak R. of characterisation vancomycin-tolerant Streptococcus pneumoniae from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient who developed recrudescent meningitis. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:369-73.

45 Fluit AC ME Jones Schmidt F-J Antimicrobial susceptibility and frequency of occurrence of clinical blood isolates in Europe from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program, 1997 and 1998. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:454-60.

46 Tsakris A S Pournaras Woodford N Outbreak of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing VIM-1 carbapenemase in Greece. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1290-2.

47 Bornet C A Davin-Regli Bosi C Imipenem resistance of Enterobacter aerogenes mediated by outer membrane permeability. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1048-52.

48 Hanson ND KS Thomson Moland ES Molecular characterisation of a multiply resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae encoding ESBLs and a plasmid-mediated AmpC. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44:377-80.

49 John JF , Jr, Rice LB. The microbial genetics of antibiotic cycling. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21(Suppl):22-31.

50 Tenover FC JE McGowan Jr , . Epidemiology and molecular biology of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. In: Nelson AM, Horsburgh CR, Jr, editors. Pathology of emerging infections 2. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology Press, 1998:343-59.

51 Gniadkowski M A Palucha Grzesiowski P Outbreak of ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a pediatric hospital in Warsaw, Poland: clonal spread of the TEM-47 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strain and transfer of a plasmid carrying the SHV-5-like ESBLencoding gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:3079-85.

52 Amyes SGB. Genes and spectrum: the theoretical limits. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27(Suppl 1):21-8.

53 Hawkey PM. The origins and molecular basis of antibiotic resistance. BMJ 1998; 317:657-60.

54 Suppola JP E Kolho Salmenlinna S VanA and vanB incorporate into an endemic ampicillin-resistant vancomycinsensitive Enterococcus faecium strain: effect on interpretation of clonality. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:3934-9.

55 Janoir C I Podglajen Kitzis M-D In vitro exchange of fluoroquinolone resistance determinants between Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci and genomic organisation of the parE-parC region in S. mitis. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:555-8.

56 Bozdogan B R Leclercq Lozniewski A Plasmid mediated coresistance to streptogramins and vancomycin in Enterococcus faecium HM1032. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:2097-8.

57 Harris A C Torres-Viera Venkataraman L Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of patients with multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:1128-33.

58 Terpstra S GT Noordhoek Voesten HGJ Rapid emergence of resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci on the skin after antibiotic prophylaxis. J Hosp Infect 1999; 43:195-202.

59 Nicolle LE B Dyck Thompson G Regional dissemination and control of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20:202-5.

60 Rice LB. Editorial response: a silver bullet for colonisation and infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus still eludes us. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:1067-70.

61 Reichler MR AA Allphin Breiman RF The spread of multiply resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae at a day care center in Ohio. J Infect Dis 1992; 166:1346-53.

62 Kim WJ RA Weinstein Hayden MK. The changing molecular epidemiology and establishment of endemicity of vancomycin resistance in enterococci at one hospital over a 6-year period. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:163-71.

63 Weinstein RA. Controlling antimicrobial resistance: the role of infection control and antimicrobial use. In: Fourth Decennial International Conference on Nosocomial and Healthcare-Associated Infections. Atlanta: March 5–9; 2000;7.

64 Turnidge J. What can be done about resistance to antibiotics? BMJ 1998; 317:645-7.

65American Society for Microbiology. Report of the ASM Task Force on Antibiotic Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39(5 Suppl):1-23.

66 Schlaes D D Gerding Tenover F Guidelines for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals: joint statement by the Society for Health Care Epidemiology of America and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18:275-91.

67Select Committee on Science and Technology, House of Lords. Seventh Report; 1998. Resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents 17 March 1998. London: Parliament, the Stationery Office. Available at http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199798/ldselect/ldsctech/081vii/st0701.htm

68Department of Health UK. Government Response to the House of Lords Select Committee on Science &Technology Report: Resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents (publication CM4172). London: The Stationery Office, 1998.

69 Wise R Andrews JM. Local surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet 1998; 352:657.

70 Fraise AP. Guidelines for the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemotherapy 1998; 42:287-9.

71 Jacoby GA. Editorial response: epidemiology of extendedspectrum beta-lactamases. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27:81-3.

72 Quale J B Mehta Saurina G Prevalence of resistant K. pneumoniae in Brooklyn, NY: association with antibiotic usage patterns (abstract 212). Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27:960.

73 Doern GV AB Brueggemann Pfaller MA Assessment of laboratory performance with Streptococcus pneumoniae antimicrobial susceptibility testing in the United States. A report from the College of American pathologists microbiology proficiency survey program. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1999; 123:285-9.

74 Lavin BS. Antibiotic cycling and marketing into the 21st century: a perspective from the pharmaceutical industry. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21(Suppl):32-5.

75 Moellering RC Jr , . A novel antimicrobial agent joins the battle against resistant bacteria. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:155-7.

76 Chien JW ML Kucia Use of linezolid Salata RA. oxazolidinone an in the treatment of multidrug-resistant G rampositive bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:146-51.

77Medical Letter. Gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin: two new fluoroquinolones. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2000; 42:15-7.

78Ponce de Leon A, Lopes-Meneses M, Sifuentes-Osornio J. Cefepime versus ceftazidime for the treatment of serious bacterial infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 35:263-8.

79 Soriano-Gabarro M R Besser Schuchat A. Indications for pneumococcal vaccine in the era of expanding pneumococcal resistance. J Crit Ill 2000; 15:161-4.

80 Dagan R N Givon-Lavi Shkolnik L Acute otitis media caused by antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in southern Israel: implication for immunising with conjugate vaccines. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:1322-9.

81 Gerding DN Martone WJ. SHEA conference on antimicrobial resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21:347-51.

82Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995; 16:105-13.

83 Larson E. Skin hygiene and infection prevention: more of the same or different approaches? Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:1287-94.

84 Polk R. Optimal use of modern antibiotics: emerging trends. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:264-74.

85 Fridkin SK CD Steward Edwards JR Surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in United States hospitals: Project ICARE phase 2. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:245-52.

86 Schentag JJ JM Hyatt Carr JR Genesis of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), how treatment of MRSA infections has selected for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and the importance of antibiotic management and infection control. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:1204-14.

87 Felmingham D RN Gruneberg Alexander Project G roup. The Alexander Project 1996–1997: latest susceptibility data from this international study of bacterial pathogens from community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 45:191-203.

88 Gerding DN. Good antimicrobial stewardship in the hospital: fitting, but flagrantly flagging. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21:253-5.

89 Austin DJ KG Kristinnson Anderson RM. The relationship between the volume of antimicrobial consumption in human communities and the frequency of resistance. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:1152-6.

90 McGowan JE Jr Gerding DN. Does antibiotic restriction prevent resistance? New Horiz 1996; 4:370-6.

91 Phillips I. Lessons from the past: a personal view. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27(Suppl 1):2-4.

92 Schwartz B DM Bell Hughes JM. Preventing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. A call for action by clinicians, public health officials, and patients. JAMA 1997; 278:944-5.

93 Levy SB. Multidrug resistance – a sign of the times. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:1376-8.

94 Schentag JJ. Antibiotic dosing – does one size fit all? JAMA 1998; 279:159-60.

95 Burke JP. Antibiotic resistance – squeezing the balloon? JAMA 1998; 280:1270-1.

96ASHP therapeutic guidelines on antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1999; 56:1839-88.

97 White AC , Jr, Atmar RL, Wilson J Effects of requiring prior authorization for selected antimicrobials; expenditures, susceptibilities, and clinical outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:230-9.

98 Lawton RM SK Fridkin Gaynes RP Practices to improve antimicrobial use at 47 US hospitals: the status of the 1997 SHEA/IDSA position paper recommendations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21:256-9.

99 Gould IM. A review of the role of antibiotic policies in the control of antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43:459-65.

100 Gerding DN. Antimicrobial cycling: lessons learned from the aminoglycoside experience. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21(Suppl):12-7.

101 McGowan JE Jr Strategies for study of the role of cycling on antimicrobial use and resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21(Suppl):S36-S43.