Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has developed significantly over the last twenty-five years, and its applications in the polymer field are growing on a daily basis, due to the considerable advances in Raman instrumentation, like for example the FT-Raman technique. This article is intended to provide a perspective on the use of conventional Raman spectroscopy, and present some of the more important developments.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Smekal
A.
, Naturwissenschaften , 11 , 1923 , 873 .
2.
Raman
C.V.
and
Krishnan
K.S.
, Nature , 121 , 1928 , 619 .
3.
Gilson
T.R.
and
Hendra
P.J.
, “Laser Raman Spectroscopy ”, Wiley , London , 1970 .
4.
Baranska
H.
,
Ladudzinska
A.
and
Terpinski
J.
, “Laser Raman Spectroscopy: Analytical Applications ”, Ellis Horwood , Chichester , 1987 .
5.
Gerrard
D.L.
and
Bowley
H.J.
, Anal. Chem. , 60 , 1988 , 368R .
6.
Maiman
T.H.
, Nature , 187 , 1960 , 493 .
7.
Porto
S.P.S.
and
Wood
D.L.
, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. , 52 , 1962 , 251 .
8.
Porto
S.P.S.
and
Kogelnik
H.
, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. , 53 , 1963 , 1446 .
9.
Hirschfeld
T.
and
Chase
B.
, Appl. Spectrosc. , 40 , 1986 , 133 .
10.
Chase
D.B.
, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 108 , 1986 , 7485 .
11.
Hendra
P.J.
and
Mould
H.M.
, Int. Lab. , 18 , 1988 , 34 .
12.
Hendra
P.J.
,
Jones
C.H.
and
Warnes
G.M.
, “Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy ”, Ellis Horwood , Chichester , 1991 .
13.
Colthup
N.B.
,
Daley
L.H.
and
Wiberley
S.E.
, “Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy ”, Academic Press , New York , 1975 .
14.
Fadini
A.
and
Schnepel
F.M.
, “Vibrational Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications ”, Ellis Horwood , Chichester , 1989 .
15.
Strommen
D.P.
and
Nakamoto
K.
, “Laboratory Raman Spectroscopy ”, Wiley , New York , 1984 .
16.
Lapp
M.
, in “Laser Gas Diagnostics ”, Plenum Press , New York , 1974 .
17.
Kip
B.J.
and
Meier
R.J.
, Appl. Spectrosc. , 44 , 1990 , 707 .
18.
Hendra
P.J.
, Curso de Espectroscopia Vibracional , Southampton University , 1987 .
19.
Ellis
G.
,
Marco
C.
and
Gomez Fatou
J.G.
, Rev. Plast. Mod. , 426 , 1991 , 765 .
20.
Budde
W.
, “Physical Detectors of Optical Radiation ”, Vol. 4 , Academic Press , New York , 1983 .
21.
Cutler
D.J.
,
Hendra
P.J.
and
Fraser
G.
, in “Developments in Polymer Characterisation ”, Vol. 2 ,
Dawkins
J.V.
(ed.), Applied Science Publishers , London , 1980 .
22.
Bridoux
M.
and
Heb
C.R.
, Sean, Acad. Sci. , 258 , 1964 , 5620 .
23.
Bridoux
M.
and
Delhaye
M.
, Nouv. Rev. Opt. , 1 , 1970 , 23 .
24.
Deffontaine
A.
,
Bridoux
M.
,
Belhaye
M.
,
Da Silva
E.
and
Hug
W.
, Rev. Phys. Apl. , 19 , 1984 , 415 .
25.
Viers
K.K.
,
Chia
V.F.K.
and
Rosenblatt
C.M.
, Appl. Opt. , 26 , 1987 , 3530 .
26.
Batchelder
D.N.
, Eur. Spectrosc. News , 80 , 1988 , 28 .
27.
Paroli
P.M.
and
Butler
I.S.
, Appl. Spectrosc. , 44 , 1990 , 1414 .
28.
Rabolt
J.F.
, CRC Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. , 12 , 1984 , 165 .
29.
Flaugh
P.L.
and
O'Donnell
S.E.
, Appl. Spectrosc. , 38 , 1984 , 847 .
30.
Atkins
J.R.
, Spex Speaker , 1970 , 15 .
31.
Williams
K.J.P.
and
Gerrard
D.L.
, Opt. Laser Tech. , 17 , 1985 , 245 .
32.
Bright
F.V.
and
Hieftje
G.M.
, Appl. Spectrosc. , 40 , 1986 , 583 .
33.
Everall
N.J.
,
Jackson
R.W.
,
Howeard
J.
and
Hutchinson
J.J.
, J. Raman Spectrosc. , 17 , 1986 , 415 .
34.
Howard
J.
,
Everall
N.J.
,
Jackson
R.W.
and
Hutchinson
K.J.
, J. Phys. E. , 19 , 1986 , 934 .
35.
Pastor
J.M.
, Makromol. Chem. Macromol. Symp. (In print).
36.
Young
R.J.
and
Day
R.J.
, Br. Potym. J. , 21 , 1989 , 17 .
37.
Galiotis
C.
,
Robinson
I.M.
,
Young
R.J.
,
Smith
B.J.E.
and
Batchelder
D.N.
, Polym. Commun. , 26 , 1985 , 354 .
38.
Jawhari
T.
,
Merino
J.C.
and
Pastor
J.M.
, J. Mater. Sci. , 12991 , 26 .
39.
Jawhari
T.
,
Merino
J.C.
and
Pastor
J.M.
, J. Mater. Sci. , 1992 , 27 .
40.
Hendra
P.J.
,
Ellis
G.
and
Cutler
D.J.
, J. Raman Spectrosc. , 19 , 1988 , 413 .
41.
Ellis
G.
, M.Phil Thesis , University of Southampton , 1988 .
42.
Hanna
L.A.
,
Hendra
P.J.
,
Hodgson
D.A.
,
Ellis
G.
,
Taylor
M.A.
and
Willis
H.A.
, Eur. Polym. J. , 26 , 1990 , 667 .
43.
Iwamoto
R.
,
Miya
M.
,
Ohta
K.
and
Mima
S.M.
, J. Chem. Phys. , 74 , 1981 , 4780 .
44.
Schlotter
N.E.
, in “Comprehensive Polymer Science ”, Vol. 1 ,
Booth
C.
,
Price
C.
(Eds.), Pergamon Press , Oxford , 1989 .
45.
Ellis
G.
,
Marco
C.
and
Gomez Fatou
J.G.
, Rev. Plast. Mod. 427 , 1992 , 68 .
46.
Rabolt
J.F.
,
Schlotter
N.E.
,
Swalen
J.D.
and
Santo
R.
, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. , 21 , 1983 , 1 .
47.
Burzynski
R.
,
Prasad
P.N.
,
Dibegjski
J.
and
Cadenhead
D.A.
, Macromol , 19 , 1986 , 1059 .
48.
Ellis
G.
,
Hendra
P.J.
,
Hodges
C.M.
,
Jawhari
T.
,
Jones
C.H.
,
Le Barazer
P.
,
Passingham
C.
,
Royaud
I.A.M.
,
Sanchez
A.
,
Warnes
G.M.
, Analyst , 114 , 1989 , 1061 .
49.
Crookell
A.
,
Hendra
P.J.
,
Mould
H.M.
and
Turner
A.J.
, J. Raman Spectrosc. , 21 , 1990 , 85 .
50.
Ellis
G.
and
Petty
C.J.
, Opt. Pur. Apl. , 24 , 1991 , 203 .
51.
Lewis
E.N.
,
Kalasinsky
V.F.
and
Levin
I.
, Appl. Spectrosc. , 43 , 1989 , 156 .
52.
Williams
K.P.
and
Mason
S.M.
, Spectrochim. Acta , 46A , 1990 , 187 .
