The development of information technologies shows its effects in various design disciplines. Architects and students have been using these technologies for decades. However, traditional manual drawing methods are still frequently used in concept sketching. In this study, a rapid sketch modeling method has been developed in the Virtual Reality (VR) environment to be used in the concept phase of the design for the use in architectural education. Thanks to the visually scripted algorithm, it is now possible to make quick 3D sketches and view them in the concept design phase. In order to develop a solution to the difficulties in transferring two-dimensional sketches to three-dimensional models in amorphous form, the study proposes 3DQSA (3D Quick Sketch Algorithm), a rapid modeling method with hand movements using VR technology in the sketch phase of concept design in an architectural studio. The experiments demonstrate that 3DQSA is beneficial during the concept design phase in architectural education.
GrossM. Drawing, seeing, and reasoning: the added value of computer aided architectural design. AVOCAAD Second International Conference. 1999; 1: 24–30.
2.
LeyerA. Design and skill in drawing. In: LeyerAUrryS (eds). Machine Design. Netherlands: Springer, 1974, pp. 19–22. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-6006-3_10.
3.
BacusJ. Digital sketching. Hoboken: Wiley, 2020. DOI: 10.1002/9781119686873.
4.
EdwardsB. Understanding architecture through drawing (second). Milton Park: Taylor & Francis, 2003. DOI: 10.4324/9780203362228.
5.
SuwaMTverskyB. What do architects and students perceive in their design sketches? A protocol analysis. Des Stud1997; 18(4): 385–403. DOI: 10.1016/s0142-694x(97)00008-2.
6.
GoldschmidtG. The backtalk of self-generated sketches. Des Issues2003; 19(1): 72–88. DOI: 10.1162/074793603762667728.
7.
GingoldYIgarashiTZorinD. Structured annotations for 2D-to-3D modeling. ACM Trans Graph2009; 28(5): 1–9. DOI: 10.1145/1618452.1618494.
8.
LiCPanHLiuY, et al.Robust flow-guided neural prediction for sketch-based freeform surface modeling. ACM Trans Graph2018; 37(6): 1–12. DOI: 10.1145/3272127.3275051.
9.
TerzidisK. Expressive Form: a conceptual approach to computational design. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis, 2005. DOI: 10.4324/9780203586891-13.
CacheB. In: SpeaksM (ed). Earth Moves: The Furnishing ofTerritories. 41. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1995.
13.
NovakM. Liquid architecture, territory of information. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 2005.
14.
KolarevicB. Architecture in the digital age: design and manufacturing. Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis, 2004.
15.
TedeschiA. Algorithms- aided design (first). Musée Rodin: Le Penseur, 2014.
16.
SeyboldCMantwillF. 3d sketches in virtual reality and their effect on development times. Proc Des Soc2021; 1: 1–10. DOI: 10.1017/PDS.2021.1.
17.
SutherlandIE. Sketchpad a man-machine graphical communication system. Simulation1964; 2(5): R3–R20. DOI: 10.1177/003754976400200514.
18.
DounasTSigalasA. Blender, an open source design tool: advances and integration in the architectural production pipeline. Proceedings of the International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe - ECAADe2009; 27: 737–744. DOI: 10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.737.
19.
KellerE. Introducing ZBrush. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
20.
PatnodeJ. Introduction to ZBrush modeling. Character Modeling with Maya and ZBrush. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-240-52034-6.50005-5.
21.
KumarA. Working with materials, layers, and masks. In: KumarA (ed). Beginning PBR Texturing. New York City: Apress, 2020, pp. 89–104. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4842-5899-6_12.
22.
Kaplarski VukovićKPetkovićV. Virtual reality in art studies: digital sculpting in vr. September. 2021; 1: 23–24. https://www.roadtovr.com
23.
PfeufferKDincAObernolteJ, et al.Bi-3D: Bi-manual pen-and-touch interaction for 3D manipulation on tablets. In: Uist 2021 - proceedings of the 34th annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology. Piscataway: IEEE, 2021, pp. 149–161. DOI: 10.1145/3472749.3474741.
LeungJLaraDM. Grease pencil: integrating animated freehand drawings into 3D production environments. SIGGRAPH Asia 2015 Technical Briefs, SA 20152015; 2(6): 6–9. DOI: 10.1145/2820903.2820924.
SpeicherMHallBDNebelingM. What is mixed reality?Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. 2019; 1: 1–15. DOI: 10.1145/3290605.3300767.
30.
HonigWMilanesCScariaL, et al.Mixed reality for robotics. In: IEEE international conference on intelligent robots and systems, 2015-decem. Piscataway: IEEE, 2015, pp. 5382–5387. DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2015.7354138.
31.
DaniTHGadhR. Creation of concept shape designs via a virtual reality interface. CAD Computer Aided Design1997; 29(8): 555–563. DOI: 10.1016/S0010-4485(96)00091-7.
32.
AchtenHVriesBDEJessurunA. DDDOOLZ A virtual reality sketch tool for early design. In: Caadria 2000: proceedings of the fifth conference on computer aided architectural design. Piscataway: IEEE, 2000, pp. 451–460.
33.
DeeringMF. HoloSketch: a virtual reality sketching/animation tool. ACM Trans Comput Hum Interact1995; 2(3): 220–238.
34.
OttossonS. Virtual reality in the product development process. J Eng Des2002; 13(2): 159–172. DOI: 10.1080/09544820210129823.
35.
ZhengJMChanKWGibson& I. Desktop virtual reality interface for computer aided conceptual design using geometric techniques. J Eng Des2001; 12(4): 309–329. DOI: 10.1080/09544820110085931.
DreyTGugenheimerJKarlbauerJ, et al.VRSketchIn: exploring the design space of pen and tablet interaction for 3D sketching in virtual reality. In: Conference on human factors in computing systems - proceedings. Piscataway: IEEE, 2020. DOI: 10.1145/3313831.3376628.
39.
XinMSharlinESousaMC. Napkin sketch-handheld mixed reality 3D sketching. In: Vrst ’08: proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on virtual reality software and technology. Piscataway: IEEE, 2008, pp. 223–226.
40.
Lopez TaverasJ. Virtual reality interfaces for product design: finding user interface solutions for design creation within virtual reality. Rochester: Rochester Institute of Technology, 2019. https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses
41.
LorussoMRossoniMCarulliM, et al.A virtual reality application for 3D sketching in conceptual design. Computer-Aided Design & Applications2021; 19(2): 256–268. DOI: 10.14733/cadaps.2022.256-268.
42.
WallerDBachmannEHodgsonE, et al.The HIVE: a huge immersive virtual environment for research in spatial cognition. Behav Res Methods2007; 39(4): 835–843. DOI: 10.3758/BF03192976.
43.
ChaSHKooCKimTW, et al.Spatial perception of ceiling height and type variation in immersive virtual environments. Build Environ2019; 163(April): 106285. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106285.
44.
DortaTKinayogluGHoffmannM. Hyve-3D and the 3D Cursor: architectural co-design with freedom in virtual reality. Int J Architect Comput2016; 14(2): 87–102. DOI: 10.1177/1478077116638921.
45.
DortaTLaLandeP. The impact of virtual reality on the design process. In: Proceedings of the 18th annual conference of the association for computer aided design in architecture (ACADIA). Piscataway: IEEE, 1998, pp. 138–163. DOI: 10.52842/conf.acadia.1998.138.
46.
DortaTKinayogluG. Towards a new representational ecosystem for the design studio. In: GuNWatanabeSErhanH, et al. (eds). rethinking comprehensive design: speculative counterculture, proceedings of the 19th international conference on computer- aided architectural design research in Asia CAADRIA. Piscataway: IEEE, 2014, pp. 699–708. DOI: 10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.699.
47.
TaouaiADortaT. From immersive to physical sketches. In: AbdelmohsenSEl-KhoulyTMallasiZ, et al. (eds). Architecture in the Age of Disruptive Technologies: Transformations and Challenges 9th ASCAAD Conference Proceedings. Piscataway: IEEE, 2021, pp. 253–263.
48.
IsraelJHWieseEMateescuM, et al.Investigating three-dimensional sketching for early conceptual design—results from expert discussions and user studies. Comput Graph2009; 33: 462–473. DOI: 10.1016/j.cag.2009.05.005.
49.
Gómez-ToneHCEscapaJBEscapaPB, et al.The drawing and perception of architectural spaces through immersive virtual reality. Sustainability2021; 13(11). DOI: 10.3390/su13116223.
50.
RahimianFPIbrahimR. Impacts of VR 3D sketching on novice designers’ spatial cognition in collaborative conceptual architectural design. Des Stud2011; 32(3): 255–291. DOI: 10.1016/j.destud.2010.10.003.
51.
RieufVBouchardCMeyrueisV, et al.Emotional activity in early immersive design: sketches and moodboards in virtual reality. Des Stud2017; 48: 43–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.destud.2016.11.001.
52.
FleurySBlanchardPRichirS. A study of the effects of a natural virtual environment on creativity during a product design activity. Think Skills Creativ2021; 40: 100828. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100828.
53.
GiunchiDJamesSSteedA. 3D sketching for interactive model retrieval in virtual reality. Expressive ’18: Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Computational Aesthetics and Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling and Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering2018; 18: 1–12. DOI: 10.1145/3229147.3229166.
54.
GeibTFeickM. Everyday objects for volumetric 3D sketching in virtual reality. EPO4VR2021; 21: 1–3.
55.
MahoneyJM. The V-sketch system machine assisted design exploration in virtual reality [master]. Ithaca: Cornell University, 2018.
56.
KeeleyD. The use of virtual reality sketching in the conceptual stages of product design [master]. Poole, England: Bournemouth University, 2018.
RahimianFPIbrahimRRahmatRWBOK, et al.Mediating cognitive transformation with VR 3D sketching during conceptual architectural design process. Archnet-IJAR2011; 5(1): 99–113. DOI: 10.26687/archnet-ijar.v5i1.221.
59.
YangEKLeeJH. Cognitive impact of virtual reality sketching on designers’ concept generation. Digit Creativ2020; 31(2): 82–97. DOI: 10.1080/14626268.2020.1726964.
60.
KwanKCFuH. Mobi3Dsketch: 3D sketching in mobile ar. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. 2019; 1–11. DOI: 10.1145/3290605.3300406.
61.
LipsonHShpitalniM. Conceptual design and analysis by sketching. Artif Intell Eng Des Anal Manuf2000; 14(5): 391–401. DOI: 10.1017/S0890060400145044.
62.
VinayakRamaniK. Hand grasp and motion for intent expression in mid-air virtual pottery. Proceedings - graphics interface. Piscataway: IEEE, 2015, 49–57.
FugeMYumerEOrbayG, et al.Conceptual design and modification of freeform surfaces using dual shape representations in augmented reality environments. Comput Aided Des2012; 44: 1020–1032. DOI: 10.1016/j.cad.2011.05.009.
