Epoxidised Natural Rubber

Pummerer R. and Burkard P.A. , Uber Kautschuk, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges, 55, 1922, 3458

British Patent 369716, Improvements in the manufacture and production of corrosion products of rubber, 1932

Bloomfield G.F. and Farmer E.H. , The oxidation of rubber with aqueous hydrogen peroxide - acetic acid mixtures, J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 53, 1934, 121T

Ng S.C. and Gan L.J. , Reactions of natural rubber with performic acid, Eur. Polym. J., 17, 1981, 1073

Gelling I.R. and Smith J.F. , Controlled viscosity by natural rubber modification, Proc. Int. Rubber Conf., Venice, 1979

Neth. Patent Appl. 6413160, Epoxidation of elastomers, 1965

Burfield D. , Kooi-Ling Lim and Kia-Sang Law, Epoxidation of natural rubber latices, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 29, 1984, 1661

Udipi K. , Epoxidation of styrene-butadiene block polymers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 23, 1979, 3301–3311

British Patent 1,083,316, Epoxidation of elastomers, 1967.

Roux C. , Pautrat R. , Cheritat R. , Ledran F. and Danijard J.C. , Modification de polymeres insatures par epoxidation, J. Polym. Sci., Part C., 16, 1969, 4687

Colclough T. , New methods of crosslinking natural rubber. Part 2. The introduction of epoxide groups into natural rubber and their subsequent utilisation for crosslinking, Trans. Instn. Rubb. Ind., 38, 1962, 11

Gonsovskaya T.B. , Ponomarev F.G. , Poluektov P.T. and Khvatova L.K. , Epoxidation of latices of unsaturated polymers with peracetic acid, Kauch. Regina, 30, 1971, 23

British Patent 892,361, Improvements in or relating to an epoxidation process and product, 1962

Swern D. , Organic peroxides, Vol. 2, Chap. 5, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1971

Trahanovsky N.S. , Oxidation in organic chemistry, Vol. 5, Part C, Chap. 3, Academic Press, New York, Plesnicar B. , Oxidation with peroxy acids and other peroxides, 1978, 211

Parker R.E. and Isaacs N.S. , Mechanisms of epoxide reactions, Chem. Rev., 59, 1959, 737

Roberts A.D. , Natural Rubber Science and Technology, Chap. 10, Oxford University Press. Gelling I.R. and Porter M. , Chemical modification of natural rubber, 1988, 421

Rosowsky A. , Heterocyclic compounds with three and four membered rings, Part 1, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1964

Gelling I.R. , Modification of natural rubber latex with paracetic acid, Rubber Chern. Technol., 58, 1985, 86

British Patent 2,113,692, A method of making epoxidised cis-1,4- polyisoprene rubber, 1982

Polvuktov P.T. , Gonsovskaya T.B. , Ponomarev G.F. and Gusev Yu. K. , Polym. Sci. USSR, 15, 1976, 686

Gan L.H. and Ng S.C. , Kinetic studies of the performic acid epoxidation of natural rubber latex stabilised by cationic surfactant, Eur. Polym. J., 22, 7, 1986, 573

Campbell D.S. , The relevance of the phase heterogeneity in epoxidation using formic acid and hydrogen peroxide, Polym. Latex III: PRI Int. Conf., London 27-29 June, 1989

Crank J. , The mathematics of diffusion, Chap. 4, Oxford University Press, 1956

Campbell D.S. , Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Association, private communication, 1985

Davey J.E. , and Loadman M.J.R. , A chemical demonstration of the randomness of epoxidation of NR, British Polym. J., 16, 1984,134

Perera M.C.S. , Elix J.A. , and Bradbury J. M. , Ozonolysis of epoxidised natural rubber, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 36, 1988, 105

Jay R.R. , Direct titration of epoxy compounds and aziridines, Analyst. Chem., 36, 1964, 667

Witnauer L.P. and Swern D. , X-ray diffraction and melting point studies, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 12, 1950, 3364

Gelling I.R. , Tinker A. J. and Haidzir Abdul Rahman, Solubility parameters of epoxidised natural rubbers, J. Nat. Rubber Research, 6, 1, 1991,20

Lee J.K. , and Porter M. , Effect of chemical modification on the crystallisation of unvulcanised natural rubber at low temperatures, Proc. Int. Rubb. Conf., Avriel and Assogomma, Milan, Venice, 1979, 991

Sekhar B.C. , Inhibition of hardening in natural rubber, Proc. Nat. Rubb. Res. Conf., Kuala Lumpur, 1961, 512

Burfield D.R. , Epoxy groups responsible for crosslinking in natural rubber, Nature, Lond., 249, 5452, 1974, 29

Subramaniam A. and Wong Wai Suin, Storage hardening of natural rubber 1. Effect of epoxide groups, J. Nat. Rubb. Res., 1, 1, 1986, 58

Abu Amu and Abdul Rahman Rais, Developments in epoxidised natural rubber, ACS, Rubb. Div., October 1989

Abu Amu and Sidek Bin Dulngali , Easy processing epoxidised natural rubber, J. Nat. Rubb. Res., 4, 2, 1989, 119

Gelling I.R. and Morrison N.J. , Sulphur vulcanisation and oxidative ageing of epoxidised natural rubber, Rubber Chem. Technol, 58, 1985, 243

Loo Cheng Teik , Vulcanisation of epoxidised natural rubber with dibasic acids, Int. Rubb. Conf., Kuala Lumpur, 1985

Baker C.S.L. , Gelling I.R. and Newell R. , Epoxidised natural rubber, Rubber Chem. Technol., 85, 1985, 67

Davies K.L. , Gelling I.R. , Thomas A.G. and Wolfe S.V. , Strain crystallisation in random copolymers produced by epoxidation of cis-l, 4-polyisoprene, Polymer, 24, 1983, 107

Azemi Bin Sumsuri , Thomas A.G. , Gelling I.R. and Southern E. , Tearing characteristics of epoxidised natural rubber, Int. Rubb. Conf., Kuala Lumpur, 1985

Barquins M. and Roberts A.D. , Adhesion and Friction of epoxidised natural rubber vulcanisates, J. de Chimie physique, 84, 2, 1987, 225

Gelling I.R. , Epoxidised natural rubber, Chap. 3 in Developments in Rubber Technology - 4, Elsevier Applied Science UK, 1987

Lake G.J. , and Mente P.G. , Studies of diffusion of antiozonants in elastomers, Third Int. Conf. on Diffusion in Polymers, York UK, 1991

Bibi A. , Boscott D.A. , Butt T. and Lehrle R.S. , Improving the adhesion between rubber and nylon by either epoxidation of the rubber and chemical pre-treatment of the nylon, Eur. Polym. J., 24, 12, 1988, 1127

Boscott D.A. and Lehrle R.S. , Rubber to brass adhesion performance improved by epoxidation of rubber, Eur. Polym. J., 26, 2, 1990, 201

Hirthammer M. and Scheffler I. , Epoxidised natural rubber, a material which combines low gas permeability with the high strength of natural rubber, Plastics and Rubber International, 12,6,1987,22

Ng S.C. and Chee K.K. , Differential scanning calorimetry study of natural rubber and epoxidised natural rubber and their binary blends, Rubber Chem. Techno L , 62, 1989, 585

Haidzir A.R. , Morphology and properties of blends of natural rubber and epoxidised natural rubber. M.Phil Thesis, Institute of Polymer Technology and Materials Engineering, Loughborough University of Technology UK, 1991

Varughese S. , Tripathy D.K. and De S.K. , Studies on epoxidised natural rubber and cis-l, 4-polybutadiene blend, Kautschuk Gummi, Kunstst. 43, 1990, 871

Nasir M. and Choo C.H. , Cure characteristics and mechanical properties of carbon black filled styrene-butadiene rubber and epoxidised natural rubber blends, Eur. Polym. J., 25, 1989, 355

Gelling I.R. , Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Association, 1990

Gelling I.R. , Epoxidised natural rubber in PVC-rubber composites, Technology NR , 16, 1, 1985, 1

Margaritis A.G. and Kalfoglou N.K. , Miscibility of chlorinated polymers with epoxidised poly (hydrocarbons). 1. Epoxidised natural rubber/poly(vinylchloride) blends, Polymer, 28, 3, 1987, 497

Kwei T.K. , The effect of hydrogen bonding on the glass transition temperature, of polymer mixtures, J. Polym. Sci., Lett. Ed., 22, 1984, 307

Varughese K.T. , Nando G.B. , De P.P. and De S.K. , Miscible blends from rigid poly(vinyl chloride) and epoxidised natural rubber, J. Material Sci., 23, 1988, 3894

Varughese K.T. , De P.P. and Sanyal S.K. , Miscible blends from plasticised poly(vinylchloride) and epoxidised natural rubber, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 37, 9, 1989, 2537

Varughese K.T. , Nando G.B. , Sanyal S.K. and De S.K. , Tensile and tear failure of plasticised poly(vinylchloride)/epoxidised natural rubber miscible blends, J. Material Sci., 24, 1989, 3491

Varughese K.T. , Nando G.B. , De P.P. and Sanyal S.K. , Miscible blends from rigid poly(vinylchloride) and epoxidised natural rubber, J. Materials Sci., 23, 1988, 3903

Nasir Z.A. and Chantera, Ratnum T. , Internal mixer studies of poly(vinylchloride)/epoxidised natural rubber blends, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 38, 1989, 1219

Sanyal S.K. , De P.P. and Varughese K.T. , Dynamic vulcanisation of PVC-epoxidised natural rubber miscible blends with dimaleimide, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 182, 1990, 73

Varughese K.T. , Melt rheology of plasticised poly(vinylchloride)/ epoxidised natural rubber miscible blends, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 39, 1990, 205

Varughese K.T. , Poly(vinylchloride)/epoxidised natural rubber miscible blends, melt rheology, J. Vinyl. Technol., 9, 4, 1987, 161

Metherell C. , Private communication, Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Association

Varughese K.T. , Poly(vinylchloride)/epoxidised natural rubber miscible blends: thermal and flame behaviour, Kautschuk Gummi Kunstst. 41, 1988, 1114

Margaritis A.G. , Kallitsis J.K. and Kalfoglou N.K. , Miscibility of chlorinated polymers with epoxidised natural rubber: blends with chlorinated polyethylenes, Polymer, 28, 1987, 2122

Mark J.E. , Self-vulcanisable rubber blend systems based on epoxidised natural rubber and hypalon, Macromol. Chem., 1, 2, 1990, 164

Sadhan S.K. , De P.P. , Self vulcanisable rubber blend system based on epoxidised natural rubber and chlorosulphonated polyethylene, J. Material Sci., 25, 1990, 4027

Kallitsis J.K. , Kalfoglou N.K. , Miscibility of chlorinated polymers with epoxidised natural rubber. II. Blends with chlorinated polypropylene and with poly(vinylidene chloride)-alkyl acrylate copolymer, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 148, 1987, 103

Nagode J.B. , and Roland C.M. , Miscible mixtures of polychloroprene and epoxidised natural rubber, Polymer, 32, 3, 1991, 505

Alex R. , De P.P. and De S.K. , Self vulcanisable rubber blend system based on epoxidised natural rubber and carboxylated nitrile rubber, J. Polym. Sci: Part C, Polymer Letters, 27, 1989, 361

Alex R. , De P.P. and De S.K. , Epoxidised natural rubber -carboxylated nitrile rubber blend: a self-vulcanisable miscible blend system, Polymer Comm. 31, 1990, 118

Alex R. , De P.P. , Mathew N.M. and De S.K. , Effect of fillers and moulding conditions on properties of self-vulcanisable blends of epoxidised natural rubber and carboxylated nitrile rubber, Plastics and Rubber Processing and Applications, 15, 1991, 223

Mukhopadhyay S. and De S.K. , submitted, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

Alex R. , De P. P. , Self-vulcanisable and miscible ternary rubber blend system based on epoxidised natural rubber, carboxylated nitrile rubber and polychloroprene, Polymer Comm. 31, 1990, 366

Mukhopadhyay S. , Chaki J.K. and De S.K. , Self-vulcanisable rubber blend system based on epoxidised natural rubber and hypalon, J. Polym. Sci., Part C: Polymer Letters, 28, 1990, 25

Muknopadhyay S. and De S.K. , Self-vulcanisable rubber blend system based on epoxidised natural rubber and chlorosulphonated polyethylene, J. Material. Sci., 25, 9, 1990, 4027

Coran A.Y. , in Thermoplastic Elastomers’, Legge N.R. , G. Holden and Schroeder H.E. , ed., Hanser Publishers, Munich, 1987, Chap. 7

Riddiford C.L. and Tinker A.J. , TPENR, A new oil resistant thermoplastic elastomer, Rubber Div., A.C.S. Washington, Oct. 1990

Choudhury N.R. and Bhowmick A.K. , Compatibilisation of natural rubber - polyolefin thermoplastic elastomeric blends by phase modification, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 38, 1989, 1091

Choudhury N.R. and Bhowmick A.K. , Hysteresis of thermoplastic rubber vulcanisates, Plastics and Rubber Processing and Applications, 11, 1989, 185

Namboodiri C.S.S. , Thomas S. , De S.K. and Khastgir, Thermoplastic elastomers from epoxidised natural rubber and a styrene-acrylontrile copolymer, Kautschuk Gummi Kunstst., 42, 11, 1989, 1004

Kallitsis J.K. , and Kalfoglou N.K. , Compatibility of epoxidised natural rubber with thermoplastic and thermosetting resins, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 37, 1989, 453

Poh H.L. and Huan K.T. , Incorporation of amine antioxidants into natural rubber network via epoxide groups, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Letters, Ed., 22, 1984, 327

Perera M.C.S. , Reaction of aromatic amines with epoxidised natural rubber latex, J. appl. Polym. Sci., 39, 1990, 749

Gan S.N. and Burfield D.R. , D. S.C. studies ori the reaction between epoxidised natural rubber and benzoic acid, Polymer, 60, 1989, 1903

Komata M. and Watanabe S. , Reaction of epoxidised natural rubber with methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, Ibaraki Daijaku Kogakubu Kenkyu Shuko, 36, 1988, 199

Schnetger J. and Obrecht W. , Epoxidised rubber adhesives for bonding of vulcanised rubbers of differing polarity, German Patent Offen. DE 88 3836251, 1988

Loo C.T. , Epoxidised natural rubber adhesives, German Patent, Offen. DE 89 3924002, 1989

Takahashi T. , Yamaguchi K. and Omote S. , Adhesive compositions containing epoxy resins and epoxidised natural rubber, Japanese Patent 63039975

Duck E. , Reich K. and Blank N. , Sealants and adhesives, German Patent 36004278, 1987

Pautra R. , Development of applications of liquid natural rubber, Proc. Workshop UNIDO , Abidijan, Cote d'Ivoire, Dec. 1989

Baker C.S.L. , Gelling I.R. and Palmer J. , Epoxidised natural rubber in passenger car tyre treads, Int. Rubber Conf., Kuala Lumpur, Vol. Il, 1985, 336

See Toh M.S. , Loh P.C. and Newell R. , A new approach to tyre compounding with particular reference to motorcycle tyres, Int. Rubber Conf., Kuala Lumpur, Vol. II, 1985, 353

Loh P.C. and See Toh M.S. , Epoxidised natural rubber in tubeless tyre inner liners, Int. Rubber Conf., Kuala Lumpur, Vol. II, 1985, 312

Kessel St. , Inner liner compounds and tire performance, Kautsch Gummi Kunstst., 41, 12, 1988, 1248

Russell R.M. , Epoxidised rubber inerts for pneumatic tyres, British Patent 2213491, 1989