Abstract
Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721 302 India
The article deals with the recent advances in the development of conducting polymers. Polymers like polyacetylene, polypyrrole and polythiophene and their derivatives are given special emphasis. The electrochemistry of conducting polyheterocycles are discussed. Morphology, stability and possible future applications of these materials are outlined and mechanism of charge transport in conducting plastics discussed. In this context, the author attempts to explain qualitatively the concepts of polarons, bipolarons and solitons.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
a
Ito
T.
,
Shirakawa
H.
and
Ikeda
S.
, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed. , 12 , 1974 , 11
2.
b
Ito
T.
,
Shirakawa
H.
and
Ikeda
S.
, J. Polym Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed. , 13 , 1975 , 1943
3.
Heeger
A.J.
, Comn. Solid State Phys. , 10 (2 ), 1981 , 53
4.
Chiang
C.K.
,
Druy
A.K.
,
Gan
S.C.
,
Heeger
A.J.
,
Louis
E.J.
,
MacDiarmid
A.G.
,
Park
Y.W.
and
Shirakawa
H.
, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 100 , 1978 , 1013
5.
Kanato
K.
,
Maxfield
M.
,
Nairma
D.P.
,
MacDiarmid
A.G.
and
Heeger
A.J.
, J. Chem. Soc. Farad. Trans. , 78 , 1982 , 3417
6.
MacDiarmid
A.G.
and
Kaner
R.B.
, in ‘Handbook of Conducting Polymers’ ed Skotheim T.A ., Marcel Dekker , New York , 1986
7.
Tourillon
G.
and
Gamier
R
, J. Electronal. Chem. , 135 , 1982 , 173
8.
Hotta
S.
,
Hosaka
T.
and
Shimotsuma
W.
, Syn. Mtls. , 6 , 1983 , 317
9.
Druy
M.A.
and
Seymour
R.J.
, Org. Coat. Appl. Polym. Sci. Proc , 48 , 1983 , 561
10.
Genies
E.M.
,
Bidan
G.
and
Diaz
A.F.
, J. Electronal. Chem. , 199 , 1983 , 101
11.
Diaz
A.F.
, Chem . Sci. , 17 , 1981 , 145
12.
Scott
J.C.
,
Pfluger
P.
,
Krounri
M.T.
and
Street
G.B.
, Phys . Rev. B. , 28 , 1988 , 2140
13.
Kaneto
K.
,
Yoshino
K.
and
Inuishi
Y.
, Jpn . J. Appl. Phys. , 21 , 1982 , L 567
14.
Zotti
G.
and
Schiaron
G.
, J. Electronal. Chem. , 163 , 1984 , 385
15.
Myers
E.
, J. Electron Mat , 15 (2 ), 1986 , 61
16.
Kobayashi
M.
,
Chen
Y.
,
Chung
T.C.
,
Moraes
F.
,
Heeger
A.J.
and
Wudl
F.
, Synth . Metis. , 9 , 1984 , 77
17.
Jen
K.
,
Miller
G.G.
and
Elsenbaumer
R.L.
, J. Chem. Soc . Chem. Comn ., 1986 , 1346
18.
Yamamoto
T.
,
Sanechika
K
and
Yamamota
A.
, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Lett. Ed. , 18 , 1980 , 9
19.
Frommer
J.E.
, Acc . Chem. Res. , 19 , 1986 , 2
20.
Sato
M.
,
Tanka
S.
and
Kaeriyama
K.
, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm , 1986 , 873
21.
Jen
K.Y.
,
Oboodi
R.
and
Elsenbaumer
R.L.
, Polym . Mat. Sci. Eng. 53 , 1985 , 79
22.
Jen
K.Y.
,
Miller
G.G.
and
Elsenbaumer
R.L.
, J. chem. Soc . Chem. Coram ., 1986 , 1346
23.
Elsenbaumer
R.L.
,
Jen
K.Y.
and
Oboodi
R.
, Syn. Mtls ., 15 , 1986 ; 169
24.
Hotta
S.
,
Rughooputh
S.D.D.V.
,
Heeger
A.J.
and
Wudl
F.
, Macromolecules , 20 , 1987 , 212
25.
Nowak
M.
,
Rughooputh
S.D.D.V.
,
Hotta
S.
and
Heeger
A.J.
, Macromolecules , 20 , 1987 , 965
26.
Rughooputh
S.D.D.V.
,
Hotta
S.
,
Heeger
A.J.
and
Wudl
F.
, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. , 25 , 1987 , 1071
27.
Inganas
O.
,
Salaneck
W.R.
,
Osterholm
J.E.
and
Laakso
J.
, Syn . Mtls. , 22 , 1988 , 395
28.
Patil
A.E.
,
Ikenoue
Y.
,
Basescu
N.
,
Colaneri
N.
,
Chen
J.
,
Wudl
F.
and
Heeger
A.J.
, Syn . Mtls. , 20 , 1987 , 151
29.
Patil
A.O.
,
Ikenoue
Y.
,
Wudl
F.
and
Heeger
A.J.
, J. Am. Chem Soc. , 109 , 1987 , 1858
30.
Bryce
M.R.
,
Chissel
A.
,
Kathiragamanathanan
P.
,
Parker
D.
and
Smith
N.R.
, J. chem. Soc . Chem. Coram ., 1987 , 466 .
31.
Shirakawa
H.
and
Ikeda
S.
, Syn. Mtls ., 1 , 1979 -80, 175
32.
Karasz
G.E.
,
Chien
J.C.W.
,
Galkiewiez
R.
,
Wnek
G.E.
,
Heeger
A.J.
and
MacDiarmid
A.G.
, Nature , 282 , 1979 , 286
33.
Pwok
Y.W.
,
Druy
M.A.
,
Chiang
C.K.
,
MacDiarmid
A.G.
,
Heeger
A.J.
,
Shirakawa
H.
and
Ikeda
S.
, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Lett. Ed. , 17 , 1979 , 628
34.
Druy
M.A
,
Tsang
C.H.
,
Brown
N.
,
Heeger
A.J.
and
MacDiarmid
A.G.
, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. , 18 , 1980 , 429
35.
Akaishi
T.
,
Miyasaka
K.
,
Ishikawa
K.
,
Shirakawa
H.
and Ikeda S.; J. Polym . Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. , 18 , 1980 , 745
36.
Fincher
C
,
Chen
C.E.
,
Heeger
A.J.
,
MacDiarmid
A.G.
and
Hastings
J.B.
, Phys . Rev. Letts. , 48 , 1982 , 100
37.
Tourillon
G.
and
Gamier
F.
, J. Polym. Sc. Polym. Phys. Ed. , 22 , 1984 , 33
38.
Gamier
F.
,
Tourillon
G.
,
Barraud
J.Y.
and
Dexpert
H.
, J. Mat. Sci ., 20 (b), 1985 , 2687
39.
Shacklette
L.W.
,
Chance
R.R.
,
Ivory
D.M.
,
Miller
G.G.
and
Raughman
R.H.
, Synt . Mtls. , 1 , 1979 , 307
40.
Shacklette
L.W.
,
Elsenbaumer
R.L.
,
Chance
R.R.
Eckhardt
H.
,
Frommer
J.E.
and
Baughman
R.H.
, J. chem. Phys. , 75 , 1981 , 1919
41.
Druy
M.A.
,
Rubner
M.F.
and
Walsh
S.P.
, J. Electrochem Soc. Ext. Abs. , 84 , 1984 , 617
42.
Street
G.
,
Clarke
T.
,
Kroumbi
M.
,
Kanazawa
K.
,
Lee
V.
,
Fluger
P.
,
Scott
J.
and
Weiser
G.
, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst , 83 , (1982 ), 253
43.
Jowefowicz
M.
,
Yu
L.T.
,
Belorgey
G.
and
Buvet
R.
, J. Polym. Sci. Part C. , 15 , 1967 , 2943
44.
Munstedt
H.
,
Naarmann
H.
and
Kohler
G.
, Mol . Cryst. Liq. Cryst , 118 , 1985 , 129
45.
Farrington
G.C.
,
Scrosati
B.
,
Frydrych
D.
and
Denuzzio
J.
, J. Electrochem. Soc. , 131 , 1984 , 7
46.
Caja
J.
,
Caner
R.B.
and
MacDiarmid
A.G.
, J. Electrochem. Soc. , 131 , 1984 , 2744
47.
Shacklette
L.W.
,
Chance
R.R.
,
Elsenbaumer
R.L.
and
Baughman
R.H.
, in 30th Power Source Conferences (The Electrochem . Soc. , 1982 ) p. 66
48.
Diaz
A.F.
,
Kanazawa
K.K.
and
Gardini
G.P.
, J. Chem. Soc . Chem. Comm ., 1979 , 635
49.
Noufi
R.
,
Tyench
D.
and
Warren
L.F.
, J. Electrochem. Soc. , 127 , 1981 , 1625
50.
Skotheim
T.
,
Inganas
O.
,
Prejza
J.
and
Lundstrom
I.
, Mol . Crys. Liq. Crys. , 83 , 1982 , 329
51.
Skotheim
T.
,-
Prejza
J.
and
Lundstrom
I.
, J. Electrochem. Soc. , 128 , 1981 , 1625
52.
Burgmayer
P.
and
Murray
R.W.
, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 104 , 1982 , 6139
53.
Ozaki
M.
,
Peebles
D.
,
Weinberger
B.
,
Heeger
A.J.
and
MacDiarmid
A.G.
, J. Appl. Phys. , 51 (8 ), 1980 , 4252
54.
Waldrop
J.
,
Cohen
M.
,
Heeger
A.J.
and
MacDiarmid
A.G.
, Appl . Phys. Letts. , 38 , 1981 , 53
55.
Tsukamoto
J.
,
Ohigashi
H.
,
Natsumura
K.
and
Takahashi
A.
, Syn . Mtls. , 5 , 1982 , 177
56.
Chao
S.
and
Wrighton
M.S.
, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 109 , 1987 , 2197
57.
Gamier
F.
,
Tourillon
G.
,
Gazard
M.
and
Dubois
J.E.
, J. Electroanal . Chem ., 1948 , 1983, 299
58.
Kobayashi
T.
,
Yoneyama
H.
and
Tamura
H.
,
Electronal
J.
, Chem ., 161 , 1984 , 419
59.
Gazard
M.
, in ‘Handbook of Conducting Polymers’ (Ed . TASkotheim) Marcel Dekker , 1986 , 673
60.
Wegner
G.
, Makromol . Chem. Macromol. Symp. , 4 , 1986 , 44.
61.
Rice
M.J.
, Phys . Letts. , 71 (A)(1 ), 1979 , 152
62.
Su
W.P.
,
Schrieffer
J.R.
and
Heeger
A.J.
, Phys . Rev. Letts. , 42 , 1979 , 1698
63.
Su
W.P.
,
Schrieffer
J.R.
and
Heeger
A.J.
, Phys . Rev., 22B , 1980 , 2099
64.
Heeger
A.J.
and
MacDiarmid
A.G.
, Mol . Cryst. Liq. Cryst , 77 , 1981 , 1
65.
Bredas
J.L.
,
Chance
R.R.
and
Silbey
R.
, Phys . Rev., 26B , 1982 , 5843
66.
Heeger
A.J.
,
Blanchet
G.
,
Chung
T.C.
and
Fincher
C.R.
, Syn . Mtls. , 9 , 1984 , 173
67.
Bryce
M.R.
, chem . Br. , 24 (8 ), 1988 , 781
68.
Wudl
F.
Mol . Cryst. liq. Cryst , 118 , 1985 , 199
69.
‘Handbook of Conducting Polymers ’ ed.
Skotheim
T.A.
, Marcel Dekker , New York , 1986 , 729
70.
Nowak
M.J.
,
Spiegel
D.
,
Hotta
S.
,
Heeger
A.J.
and
Pincus
P.A.
, Macromolecules , 22 , 1989 , 2917