Plastic Composite Materials used for Pipe Systems in Chemical Plants

Designing with Plastics, Unit 12, T351, Materials under Stress, Open University Press

Crystic Resin in Process Engineering, Case Histories, Scott Bader Publication

BS 4994, 1973, ‘Specifications for Vessels and Tanks in Reinforced Plastics‘

B202B, 1978, ‘Specification for the Fabrication of PVC lined GRP Pipe Systems’, ICI Eng. Spec, 1978

Kirk C.J. , ‘Effect of Geometric Design Parameters on the Flexural Behaviour of Glass Reinforced Plastic Pipes’, Ph.Thesis D, UMIST, Mech. Eng. Dept, 1980

‘Beetle Polyester Resins’ Manual, Publ. BIP

Butt L.T. and Wright D.C. , ‘Use of Polymers in Chemical Plant Construction’, Applied Science Publication, 1980

Crystic Monograph, Polyester Handbook, Scott Bader Publication

Schwartz S.S. and Goodman S.H. , Plastics Materials & Processes, Chap. 6, Publ. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982

Norwood LS. and Millman A.F. , ‘The Influence of Resin System on the Mechanical Performance of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyesters’, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Composites Materials, Paris, 1980, 2, pp. 26–29.

B201B, ‘Specification for the Fabrication of GRP Pipe Systemsz’, ICI Eng. Spec. 1978

Brich-Kisberyi M. , Harrison D. , Pinzeli R. , Eyre D.M. , Marshall G.P. , The Effect of Post-cure on Environmental Stress Corrosion of Vinyl Ester Laminate and Gel Coat Layers’, Proc. 12th BPFConf., 1980, pp. 215–225.

Wright D.C. , The Effect of Cure History on the Creep Properties of Various Cold Curing Polyester Resins and Glass Laminates’, Conference PRI, Paper No. 11, Feb. 1976, pp. 1–16.

Steel D.J. , ‘Effects of Environmental Conditioning on the Interface Stresses Arising from the Shrinkage of Polyester Resins in Glass Ring Cells’, MEXE, Technical Note, No. 8/68, November 1968

Phillips K. and Bader M.G. ,'Evaluation of the Effect of the State of Cure of the Matrix on the Properties of Glass-fibre Epoxy Resin Laminates’, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Composites Material, Paris, Aug. 1980, 1, pp. 875–884.

‘Structural Plastics Design Manual, Phase 1’, Chap. 1-4, Publ. Department U.S. of Transportation FHWA-TS-79-203,1978; ‘Plastics in Building’ ed. Skeist I., Publ. Rheinhold, 1966, p, 105

Lubin George , ‘Handbook of Fibreglass and Advanced Plastic Composites’, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1969

BS 3691, ‘Glass Fibre Rovings for the Reinforcement of Polyester and Epoxide Resin Systems’, 1969

BS 4749, ‘Woven Glass-fibre Roving Fabrics for the Reinforcements of Polyester Resin Systems’, 1964

BS 3469, ‘Glass E.-fibre Chopped Strand Mat for the Reinforcement of Polyester Resin System’, 1973

Kanona M.A.K. , Flexibility and Stress Intensification factors of Glass Reinforced Plastic Pipe Bends’, Ph D Thesis submitted to Mech. Eng. Dept., Aston University, Feb. 1985

PS15-69, ‘NBS Voluntary Product Standard, Custom Contact - Molded GRP Chemical Resistant Process Equipment’, 1969

Raymond J.A. , ‘Effect of Resin Content on the Mechanical Properties of Glass Reinforced Polyester Laminates’, Reinforced Plastics Congress, Brighton, 1974, pp. 61–73.

Raymond J.A. , ‘The Practical Significance of Resin Content and Properties in Laminate Behaviour’, Proc. 8th Int. Reinforced Plastic Conf., BPF, Brighton, 1972, pp. 85–93.

Private communication from Wright D.C., Rapra

Marshall G.P. and Williams J.G. , ‘The Analysis of Practical Failures of Plastic Pipelines’, Proc. 3rd Int. Plastic Pipe Symposium BPF, Sept. 1974, Section 4, Paper 5

Gale G.M. and Scott K.A. , ‘Failure of Rigid PVC Pipes reinforced by Wrapping with Glass-fibre Resin’, Rapra Member's Report, Oct. 1965

Cowely W.E. , Dent N.P. and Harris R.H. , Chemistry and Industry, No. 3, June 1978, pp. 365–366.

Torp S. , ‘Aspects of Continuous Filament Wound GRP Pipe’, Proc. Pipecon, London 1980 (sponsored by Fibreglass Ltd. and Amoco Chemicals SA), Paper No. 7

Fibercast Manual, Fibercast Pipes (GB) Ltd.

Currie R.D. , ‘Manufacture, Testing and Installation of Centrifugally Cast Pipes’, Pipecon, London 1980 (see ref. 29)

‘Engineering Materials: An Introduction. 6 Composite Materials’, T252 Unit 6, The Open University. Technology A Second Level Course. Publ. The Open University Press, 1982

Tsai S.W. and Hahn H.T. , ‘Introduction to Composite Materials’, Technomic Publishing Company, 1980, Westport, Connecticut 06880

Tsai W. , ‘Structural Behaviour of Composite Materials’, NASA Report No. NAS 7-215, Philco Corp., Newport Beach, California, July 1964

Holmes M. and Q.J. Al.Khayalt, Composites, 6, No. 4, 1975, pp. 157–165.

Greenwood J.H. , ‘German Work on GRP Design’, Composites, Vol. 8, No. 8, July 1977, pp. 175–184.

Puck A. , Kunstst., 57, No. 4, 1967, p. 284; 57, No. 7, 1967, p. 573; 57, No. 12, 1967, p. 965

Christensen R.M. , Int. J. Solid Structures, 12, 1976, pp. 537–544.

Christensen R.M. and Waals F.M. , J. Composite Materials, Vol. 6, Oct. 1972, pp. 518–532.

Lees J.K. , Poly. Eng. Sci., 8, No. 3, pp. 186–194

Kies J.A. , ‘Maximum Strains in the Resin of Fibreglass Composite’, Ballistic Branch -. Mechanics Division U.S. Naval Research Lab. Report 5752, March 1962, AD 274560

Kies J.A. , J. Plastic Inst., 1965, No. 10, pp. 145–152

Knight M. and Hahn H.J. , J. Composite Materials, 9, No. 1, 1975, pp. 77–90.

Hahn H.T. , J. Composite Materials, 9, No. 4, 1975, pp. 316–326.

Lees J.K. , Poly. Eng. Sci., 8, No. 2, 1969, pp. 195–201.

Johnson A.F. , ‘Engineering Design/Properties of GRP’, Publ. BPF, 1978

Lee Calcote R. , ‘The Analysis of Laminated Composite Structures’, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Publication

Ogorkiewicz R.M. and Sayigh A.A.M. , J. of Strain Analysis, 6, No. 4, 1971, pp. 226–230.

Wright D.C. , ‘Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors for GRP Bends and Related Systems’, Rapra Confidential Report

Gibbs and Cox Inc., ‘Marine Design Manual for Fibreglass Reinforced Plastics’, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1960

Bader M.G. and Tyson CM. , ‘The Mechanical Properties of Cross-reinforced GRP Laminates’, Paper No. 12, RPG 4th Conf., Feb. 1975, University of Surrey

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Marvin Knight J. Comp. Materials, 16, 1982, p. 153

Pagano N.J. and Whitney J.M. , J. Composite Materials, 4, 1970, p. 360

Lacross B. , Massonnet C. , Viatour G. and Vidouse F. , ‘Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Technical Constants of Laminates’, CRIF, PL3, June 1972, Rue des drapiers 21; 1050 Bruxelles

Soden RD. , Leadbetter D. , Griggs P.R. and Eckold G.C. , Composites, 1978, pp. 247–250.

Tan A.L. , ‘GRP Pipes and Piping Components’, SERC/PED Mechanical Engineering Department Report, August 1979, UMIST

BS 2782, ‘Methods of Testing Plastics’, 1970

Cooper G.A. and Kelly A. , ‘Role of the Interface in the Fracture of Fibre-Composite Materials’, ASTM STP 452, p. 90

ASTM D3299, ‘Filament-wound Glass-fibre Reinforced Polyester Chemical Resistant Tanks‘

Owen M.J. and Rose R.G. , J. Modern Plastics, 47, No. 11, 1970, pp. 130–138.

Owen M.J. and Rice D.J. , Composites, 12, No. 1, 1980, pp. 33–37.

Smith T.R. and Owen M.J. , ‘The Progressive Nature of Fatigue Damage in Glass Reinforced Plastics’, 6th Int. Reinforced Plastic Conf., BPF, Nov. 1968, Paper No. 27

Owen M.J. and Found M.S. , ‘Static and Fatigue Failures of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Resins under Complex Stress Conditions’, Faraday Special Discussion of the Chemical Society, No. 2, 1972, pp. 79–89.

Hull D. , Chao K.S. , Legg M.J. , Lisenburg M. and Spencer B. , ‘Profile - ICI - Implex Terephthalic Polyester Resin’ Dept. of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Liverpool

Greatorex G.B. and Tooth A.S. , J. of Strain Analysis, 17, No. 3, 1982, pp. 147–55.

Owen M.J. , ‘Designing against Fatigue in Glass Reinforced Plastics’, I. Mech. Eng. Conf. Pub. 1977-9, Paper No. C223/77, pp. 1–5

Dodds R. , Rapra Members’ Journal, May/ June 1976, pp. 49–56.

Gagger S.K. and Broutman L.J. , Polymer Eng. Sci., 16, No. 8, 1976, pp. 537–543.

Puck A. and Schneider W. , Plastics and Polymers, Feb. 1969, pp. 33–43.

Barton D.C. and Soden P.D. , Composites, 13, No. 2, 1982, pp. 180–201.

Malmo J. , ‘Surface Cracking of RP by Repeated Bending’, 36th Annual Conf. SPI, Feb. 1981, Paper No. 19A

Outwater John , ‘Flexural Failure of Cloth Reinforced Laminates’, Proc. 14th Annual SPI Conf., 1959, Paper No. 6E

Spencer B. and Hull D. , Composites, Oct 1978, pp. 263–271.

Hull D. , Legg M.J. and Spencer B. , Composites, Jan. 1978, pp. 17–24.

Gottenberg W.G. , Allen R.C. , Breitigam W.V. and Dickenson C.T. , ‘Modes of Failure of Hydrostatically Overstressed Reinforced Plastic Pipe’, 34th Annual Technical Conf., 1979, Section 13C

Eckold G.C. , Leadbetter D. , Soden P.D. , Griggs P.R. , Composites, Oct. 1978, pp. 243–246.

Puppo A.H. and Evenson H.A. , ‘Strength of Anisotropic Materials under Combined Stresses’, AIAA Paper No. 71-368, 1971, pp. 1–9.

Lawrence J. Broutman and Richard Krock H. , ‘Modern Composite Materials’, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1967

Van D.W. Krevelen and Hoftyzer P.J. , ‘Properties of Polymers, their Estimation with Chemical Structure’, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, 1976

Davies R.G. and Magee C.L. , J. Eng. Mat. Tech., April 1975, pp. 151–155.

Davies R.G. and Magee C.L. , J. Eng. Mat. Tech., Jan. 1977, pp. 47–51.

ASTM D3262, ‘Specification for Reinforced Plastic Mortar Sewer Pipe’, 1981

BS 5480, ‘Pipes and Fittings for use for Water Supply and Sewerage’, 1977

Prof. Dr. Ing. Menges and Dip. Ing. Brintrup H. , ‘Long Term Behaviour of RRC Laminate at Temperature Changes and Simultaneous Mechanical Load’, 29th Annual SPI Conf., 1974, Section 21D

Wright D.C. , Rapra Member's Journal, June 1974, pp. 153–161.

Owen M.J. and Dukes R. , J. of Strain Analysis, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1967, pp. 272–279.

Dally J.W. and Broutman L.J. , J. Composite Materials, 1, 1967, pp. 424–443.

Owen M.J. and Smith J.R. , Plastics and Polymers, Feb. 1968, pp. 33–44.

Sims G.D. and Gladman D.G. , Plastics and Rubber: Materials and Applications, May 1978, pp. 41–48.

Owen M.J. and Howe R.J. , J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., 5, 1972, pp. 1637–1649.

Tanimoto J. and Amijima S. , J. Composite Materials, Vol. 9, 1979, pp. 380–390.

Broutman L.J. and Sahu S. , ‘Progressive Damage of Glass Reinforced Plastics during Fatigue’, 24th Annual SPI Conf., 1969, Section 11D

Carswell W.S. , ‘Structures in Reinforced Composites’, Paper No. 33 of ‘Composite Structures’, ed. Marshall I.H. , Applied Science Publishers, pp. 484–495

Owen M.J. and Griffiths J.R. , Composites, 10. No. 2, 1979, pp. 89–94.

Owen M.J. , Rice D.J. , Griffiths J.R. and Found M.S. , 35th Annual SPI Conf., 1980, Section 23-E

Owen M.J. , ‘Static and Fatigue Strength of Glass Chopped Strand’, in Short Fibre Reinforced Composite Materials, Ed. Sanders B.A., ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 772, 1982, pp. 64–84.

Gotham K.V. and Hitch M.J. , Poly. J., 10, No. 3, 1978, pp. 47–52.

ASTM C581, ‘Test for Chemical Resistance of Thermosetting Resins used in Glass Fibre Reinforced Structures‘

Roberts R.C. , ‘Stress Corrosion of GRP in Relation to Design Stress and Service Performance’, Proc. Joint UMIST. I. Mech. E. and I. Chem. E. Conf., 1983, pp. 80–88.

Roberts R.C. , ‘FRP Fatigue and Long Term Static Stress Failure Mechanism in Chemical Environment’, Proc. National Association of Corrosion Engineers Conf. 1979, pp. 103–106.

‘Effect of Chemical Environments on the Mechanical Properties of GRP. Symposium on Reinforced Plastics in Anti-Corrosion Applications’, 1979, National Engineering Laboratory, Paper 7

Hojo H. , Tsuda K. and Koyamo M. , ‘Corrosion Behaviour of Glass Fibre Composite and Vinyl Ester Resin in Chemical Environments’, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. in Organic Coatings Sci. and Tech., Vol. 1, 1977, pp. 221–234.

Lyons K.B. and Phillips N.G. , Composites, 12, No. 3, 1981, pp. 265–271.

Maron G. and Broutman L.J. , ‘Moisture Penetration into Composites under External Stress’, Polymer Composites, 2, No. 3, 1982, pp. 132–136.

Otto A.M. and Piret W.H. , ‘Improvement of Long Term Properties of GRP Laminates exposed to Urban Heating Water (100-140°C) by using impermeable liners in Suitable Thickness’, Proc. 12th Reinforced Plastic Congress, 1980, BPF Pub. 53/12

B220, ‘Flexibility and Stress Analysis of GRP and PVC/GRP Pipework including the Effects of Supporting and Internal Pressure’, ICI Eng. Spec, Dec. 1978

BS 806, ‘Specification for Ferrous Pipes and Piping Installations for and in Connection with Land Boilers’, 1975

Fowler T.J. and Gray E. , ‘Development of an Acoustic Emission Test for FRP Equipment’, ASCE Conf. Boston, April 1979

PD 6480, ‘Explanatory Supplement to BS 4994’, British Standards Institution, 1977

Moore P.T. , ‘Unit Strength and Extensibility - New A. Design Concept of Glass-fibre Reinforced Plastics’, Reinforced Plastics Congress, 1974, Brighton, pp. 85–90