Cardanol is the main ingredient of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), an agro-byproduct. Its comparative merits for plasticizing silica-filled nitrile rubber (NBR) is the subject of this paper. Esters like dioctyl phthalate (DOP), polyesters, polyester ethers, polyester polyethers, etc are the conventional plasticizers employed for such compounding requirements. In this study, the mechanical properties, ageing behavior and torque time curves during cure of NBR plasticized by both these materials are compared under identical conditions. It has been established that cardanol when used as plasticizer, gives rise to similar mechanical properties, cure times and superior thermal stability in NBR vulcanizates.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
MaryC.Lubi and Eby Thomas Thachil, Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) – a versatile monomer for polymer synthesis, Designed Monomers and Polymers, 3 (2000) 2, 123–153.
2.
Wassermann, and DawsonC.R.Ind. Eng. Chem., 37 (1945) 396.
3.
CarraherC.E., and SperlingI.H.Polymer Applications of Renewable Resource Materials, Plenum press, NewYork (1981).
4.
RoyS.S., KunduA.K., and MaMailiS.J. Applied Polymer Sci., 36 (1988) 1283.
RodriguesF.H.A., JudithP.A., FeitosaN.M.P.S., Ricardo, CélioFrancisco, de FrançaF., and OswaldoJosé, CariocaB.J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 17 (2) (2006), 265.
7.
OhkatsuY., MatsuuraT., and YamatoM.Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 8, (2003) 151.
8.
AlexanderMary, ThachilEby Thomas“Effectiveness of cardanol as plasticizer for silica-filled natural rubber”, Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology, 23 (1) (2007).
9.
JosephReethamma, AlexRosamma, VinodV.S., PremalathaC.K., KuriakoseBaby“Studies on epoxidized rubber seed oil as plasticizer for acrylonitrile butadiene rubber”J. Applied Polymer Sci., 89 (3), (2003) 668.
10.
DoTruong Thien, NguyenVan KhoiComposite materials based on natural rubber and cardanol novolac resin, Tap Chi Hoa Hoc, 33 (1995) 3, 36–8.
11.
GhoshA.K., DasC.K., and BanerjeeS.Compounding of styrene –butadiene rubber with card-phenol in the presence of calcium carbonate, Polymer Communications, 25 (1984) 5, 152–4.
12.
GhoshA.K., and BanerjeeS.Compounding of natural rubber with card- phenol in the presence of black filler (ISAF, N. 220) and different accelerator systems, Indian Journal of Technology, 13 (1975) 8, 362–6.
13.
MenonA.R.R., PillaiC.K.S., and NandoG.Modification of natural rubber with phosphatic plasticizers: a comparison of phosphorylated cashewnut shell liquid prepolymer with 2-ethyl hexyl phosphate, European Polymer Journal, 34 (1998) 7, 923–929.
14.
ThienDo Truong; Van KhoiNguyen; KhangDo QuangModification of rubber by cardanol –formadehyde, Journal of Macromolecular Science, Pure and Applied Chemistry, A33 (1996) 12, First International Polymer Symposium on Polymers from Natural Sources.
15.
VargheseLity Alen; ThachilEby ThomasJournal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 18 (2004) 2, 181–193.
16.
GowarikerV.R., ViswanathanN.V., and JayadevSreedharPolymer Science, Wiley Eastern Limited, Delhi, India (1986).
17.
SeilD.A., and WolfF.R. in Maurice, Morton Rubber Technology 3rd edn., p 327, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York1987.
18.
MartinJ.M., SmithW.K. edited by BhatiaS.C., Rubber Technology Hand Book, CBS publications, New Delhi, India2004.
AlexanderMary, and ThachilEby ThomasA comparative study of cardanol and aromatic oil as plasticizers for carbon black filled natural rubber, J. Applied Polymer Sci., 102 (2006) 5, 4835–4841.
21.
HofmannWernerRubber Technology Hand Book, p 306, Hanser publisher, New York (1989).
