There is a widespread conviction that contemporary criminal justice developments can best be analysed in terms of their capacity to reassure an anxious public rather than to reduce crime in any straightforward way. Construing current changes as primarily driven by efforts to placate public insecurity downplays several crucial factors of contemporary political rule. States, especially those within Europe, are increasingly integrated around human rights values that circumscribe their actions. These norms provide a resource for national citizens to make claims against states for interests that have been downgraded. This article analyses how this process of the Europeanization of human rights, coupled with crucial domestic factors, has tempered the shift toward a repressive model of criminal justice by introducing greater regulation and oversight of policing by the Irish state. This may presage a splintering of state sovereignty as some of its organizations are inspired by adherence to transnational values, an allegiance that may impede any move towards authoritarian state rule.
Alston, P. and Weiler, J. (1999). An `ever closer union' in need of a human rights policy: The European Union and human rights'. In The EU and Human Rights, 3—66. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2.
Arendt, H. (1973). The origins of totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
3.
Bache, I. and Flinders, M. , eds (2004). Multi-level governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4.
Beck, U. (2000). The cosmopolitan perspective: Sociology of the second age of modernity. British Journal of Sociology51, 79—105.
5.
Beck, U. and Grande, E. (2007). Cosmopolitanism: Europe's way out of a crisisEuropean Journal of Social Theory10, 67—85.
6.
Bigo, D. (2002). Security & Immigration: Toward a critique of the governmentality of unease. Alternatives27, 63—92.
7.
Börzel, T. and Risse, T. (2003). Conceptualizing the domestic impact of Europe . In K. Featherstone and C. Radelli (eds) The politics of Europeanization , 57—82. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8.
Checkel, J. (2001). The Europeanization of citizenship. In M. GreenCowles, J. Caporaso and T. Risse (eds) Transforming Europe: Europeanization and domestic change180—97. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
9.
Council of Europe (1995). Report to the Irish Government on the visit to Ireland carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 26 to 5 October 1993. CPT/Inf (95) 14. URL (accessed 24 May 2007):http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/irl/1995—14-inf-eng.pdf.
10.
Council of Europe (1999). Report to the Irish Government on the visit to Ireland carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 31 August to 9 September 1998. CPT/Inf (99) 15. URL (accessed 24 May 2007): http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/irl/1999—15-inf-eng.pdf .
11.
Den Boer, M. and Wallace, W. (2000). Justice and home affairs. In H. Wallace and W. Wallace (eds) Policy-making in the European Union, 493—519. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12.
Evans, M. and Morgan, R. (1998). Preventing torture: A study of the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment . Oxford: Clarendon Press.
13.
Garland, D. (2001). The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14.
Girling, E. (2006). European identity, penal sensibilities and communities of sentiment. In S. Armstrong and L. McAra (eds) Perspectives on punishment: The contours of control, 69—82. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15.
Graziano, P. and Vink, M. , eds (2006). Europeanization: New research agendas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan .
16.
Hall, S. (2000). Fundamental rights, national sovereignty and Europe's new citizens. In L. Hancock and Carolyn O'Brien (eds) Rewriting rights in Europe, 191—215. Aldershot:Ashgate .
17.
Hamilton, C. (2007). The presumption of innocence in Irish criminal law. Dublin: Irish Academic Press .
18.
Hogan, G. (2004). Incorporation of the ECHR: Some issues of methodology and process. In U. Kilkelly (ed.) ECHR and Irish law, 13—34Bristol: Jordan Publishing.
19.
House of Lords, European Union Committee ( 2006). European arrest warrant — Recent developments. London: Stationery Office.
20.
ICCL [Irish Council for Civil Liberties] ( 1993). Police interrogation endangers the innocent. Dublin: Irish Council for Civil Liberties.
21.
Inglis, T. (2003). Truth, power and lies. Dublin : University College Dublin Press.
22.
Irish Government (1999). Response of the Irish government to the report of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) on its visit to Ireland from 31 August to 9 September 1998. URL (accessed 24 May 2007): http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/irl/1999—16-inf-eng.htm .
23.
Irish Human Rights Commission (2002). A proposal for a new Garda complaints system. URL (accessed 24 May 2007):http://www.ihrc.ie/_fileupload/publications/A_Proposal_for_a_New_Garda_Complaints_System.doc .
24.
Jessop, B. (2004). Multi-level governance and multi-level metagovernance . In I. Bache and M. Flinders (eds) Multi-level governance, 49—74. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25.
Kearney, A.T. (2006). A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index 2006. URL (accessed 24 May 2007): http://www.atkearney.com/shared_res/pdf/Globalization-Index_FP_Nov-Dec-06_S.pdf .
26.
Kilcommins, S. and Vaughan, B. (2004). A perpetual state of emergency: Subverting the rule of law in Ireland. Cambrian Law Review35, 55—80.
27.
Kilcommins, S., O'Donnell, I., O'Sullivan, E. and Vaughan, B. (2004). Crime, punishment and the search for order in Ireland. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration.
28.
Leben, C. (1999). Is there a European approach to human rights? In P. Alston (ed.) The EU and human rights, 69—97. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
29.
Levy, D. and Sznaider, N. (2006). Sovereignty transformed: A sociology of human rights. British Journal of Sociology57, 657—76.
30.
Loader, I. (2002). Policing, securitization and democratization in Europe. Criminal Justice2, 125—53.
31.
McCrudden, C. (2000). Common law of human rights? Transnational Judicial Conversations on Constitutional Rights. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies20, 499—532.
32.
Majone, G. (1996). Regulating Europe. London: Routledge.
33.
Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms ? Journal of Common Market Studies40, 235—58.
34.
Morris, F. (2004). Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry Set up Pursuant to the Tribunal of Inquiry (Evidence) Acts 1921—2002 into certain Gardaí in the Donegal division: Report on `explosive' finds in Donegal: Terms of reference (e). Dublin: Stationery Office.
35.
Morris, F. (2005). Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry Set up Pursuant to the Tribunal of Inquiry (Evidence) Acts 1921—2002 into certain Gardaí in the Donegal division: Report on the investigation into the death of Richard Barron and the extortion calls to Michael and Charlotte Peoples, Terms of Reference (a) and (b). Dublin: Stationery Office.
36.
Morris, F. (2006). Report on the arrest and detention of seven persons at Burnfoot, County Donegal on the 23rd of May 1998 and the investigation relating to same, Terms of Reference (i). Dublin: Stationery Office.
37.
Morth, U. (2003). Europeanization as interpretation, translation and editing of public policies. In K. Featherstone and C. Radelli (eds) The politics of Europeanization, 159—78. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
38.
Mulcahy, A. (2002). The impact of the Northern `Troubles' on criminal justice in the Irish Republic. In P. O'Mahony (ed.) Criminal justice in Ireland, 275—96. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration.
39.
Mulcahy, A. (2005). The `other' lessons from Ireland? Policing, political violence and policy transfer. European Journal of Criminology 2, 185—209.
Murphy, T. and Whitty, N. (forthcoming). Risk and human rights in UK prison governance. British Journal of Criminology, Advance Access published online 24 April 2007, URL: http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/ .Newburn, T. and Sparks, R., eds (2004). Criminal justice and political cultures. Cullompton, Devon: Willan.
42.
O'Connell, D. (2000). The Irish Constitution and the E.C.H.R.: Belt and braces'. In D. Driscoll (ed.) Irish human rights review. Dublin: Round Hall.
43.
O'Connell, D. (2004). The ECHR Act 2003: A critical perspective'. In U. Kilkelly (ed.) ECHR and Irish law, 1—11. Bristol: Jordan Publishing .
44.
O'Donnell, I. and O'Sullivan, E. (2003). The politics of intolerance — Irish style . British Journal of Criminology43, 41—62.
45.
Olsen, J.P. (2002). The many faces of Europeanization. Journal of Common Market Studies40, 921—52.
46.
O'Malley, Pat (1999). Volatile and contradictory punishment. TheoreticalCriminology3, 175—96.
47.
Ovey, C. and White, R. (2002). The European Convention on Human Rights, 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
48.
Patten Commission (1999). A new beginning: Report of the Independent Commission on Policing. Belfast: Stationery Office.
49.
Piacentini, L. (2006). Prisons during transition: Promoting a common penal identity through international norms. In S. Armstrong and L. McAra (eds) Perspectives on punishment: The contours of control, 101—18. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
50.
Prodi, R. (2000) Europe as I see It. Cambridge : Polity Press.
51.
Radaelli, C. and Schmidt, V. (2004). Conclusions. West European Politics27, 364—79.
52.
Risse, T. and Ropp, S.C. (1999). International human rights norms and domestic change: Conclusions. In T. Risse, S. C. Ropp and K. Sikkink (eds) The power of human rights norms, 234—78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53.
Schmidt, V. and Radaelli, C. (2004). Policy change and discourse in Europe: Conceptual and methodological issues. West EuropeanPolitics27, 183—210.
54.
Scott, C. (2002). Private regulation of the public sector: A neglected facet of contemporary governance. Journal of Law and Society29, 56—76.
55.
Shearing, C. and Wood, J. (2005). Nodal governance, democracy and the new `denizens': Challenging the Westphalian ideal. In S. Robins (ed.) Limits to liberation: Culture, citizenship and governance after apartheid, 97—112. Oxford: James Currey Press.
56.
Slaughter, A.M. (2004). A new world order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
57.
Stone, C. (2007). Tracing police accountability in theory and practice. TheoreticalCriminology11, 245—59.
58.
Vaughan, B. (2000). Punishment and Conditional Citizenship,' Punishment and Society2, 23—39.
59.
Vaughan, B. (2005). A new system of police accountability. Irish Criminal Law Journal15, 18—22.
60.
Vink, M. (2003). What is Europeanisation? And other questions on a new research agenda. European Political Science3, 63—74.
61.
Walker, C. (2001). The Patten Report and post-sovereignty policing in Northern Ireland. In R. Wilford (ed.) Aspects of the Belfast Agreement, 142—65. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
62.
Wallace, H. (2000). Europeanisation and globalisation: Complementary or contradictory trends. New Political Economy5, 369—82.
63.
Walsh, D. (1998). The Irish police. Dublin: Round Hall/Sweet & Maxwell.
64.
Walsh, D. (2004). The proposed Garda complaints procedure: A critique . Irish Criminal Law Journal14, 2—26.
65.
Walsh, D. (2007). The Criminal Justice Act, 2006: A crushing defeat for due process values. Judicial Studies Institute Journal7, 44—59.
66.
Welch, M. and Schuster, L. (2005). Detention of asylum seekers in the US, UK, France, Germany, and Italy: A critical view of the globalizing culture of control . Criminal Justice5, 331—55.
67.
Wincott, D. (2004). Policy change and discourse in Europe: Can the EU make a `square meal out of a stew of paradox'? West EuropeanPolitics27, 354—63.
68.
Woodworth, P. (2001). Dirty war, clean hands. ETA, the GAL and Spanish democracyCork: Cork University Press.
