A review of the development of ballasts and circuits for operating discharge lamps

Wroblewski, T. , and Kusko, A. , Computer design analysis of the leakage-reactance ballast, Illum. Engng., 61, 285 (1966).

Van Eldik, P.F. , and Cornelius, P. , AC devices with iron cores, Philips Technical Library.

Elenbaas, W. , and Hehenkamp, T. , A new fluorescent lamp in a starterless circuit , Philips tech. Rev., 17, 288 (1955-56).

Zwikker, C. , The equivalent circuit of a gas discharge lamp, Philips tech. Rev., 15, 161 (1953-54).

Peek, S.C. , and Spencer, D.E. , A differential equation for the fluorescent lamp, Illum. Engng., 63, 157 (1968).

Anderson, S. , Control gear for fluorescent lamps, GEC Jl. (Oct. 1950).

Segawa, Y. , Pulse starting system for discharge lamps, Toshiba Review (Winter 1965).

Cates, J. , Fluorescent discharge-tube circuits and operating problems, Proc. Instn. elect. Engrs., 100, Pt. 2, 389 ( 1953).

Brooks, W.W. , Circuits for fluorescent lamp ballasts, Illum . Engng., 52, 837 (1957).

Maxted, R. , and Hull, J.N. , Circuits for discharge lamps, Trans. Illum. Eng. Soc. (London), 10, 199 (1945).

Davies, I.F. , Semi-resonance and the starterless operation of tubular fluorescent lamps, Electl. J. (Oct. 20, 1961).

Bodenhausen, K.H. , HPMV lamp with capacitive ballast, Lichttnechnik, 10, 256 and 313 (1958).

Burns, C.H. , Effect of ballast circuitry and line voltage variations on mercury lamp stability, Illum. Engng., 58, 447 (1963).

Noel, E.B. , and Martt, E.C. , Effect of operating variables on mercury lamp performance, Illum. Engng., 51, 513 (1956).

Elenbaas, W. , High pressure mercury vapour lamps and their applications, Philips Technical Library.

Funke, J. , and Oranje, P.J. , Gas discharge lamps, Philips Technical Library.

Gilmore, J.F. , Lamp performance related to reference and commercial ballasts, Illum. Engng., 56, 173 (1961).

Franke, A. , Characteristics of variable-impedance reference ballasts, Illum. Engng., 63, 118 (1968).

Martt, E.C. , and Swift, R.J. , Measurement of mercury lamp current crest factor and its effect on lumen maintenance, Illum. Engng. , 53, 630 (1958).

Thayer, R.N. , and Brownell, A. , Performance of fluorescent lamps on leading power factor circuits, Illum. Engng., 44, 567 (1949).

Lowry, E.F. Thermionic cathodes for fluorescent lamps and their behaviour, Illum. Engng., 46, 288 (1951).

Elenbaas, W. , Fluorescent lamps and lighting, Philips Technical Library .

Horton, G.A. , and Till, W.S. , Stroboscopic effect of mercury lamps with various ballasts and circuits, Illum. Engng., 56, 696 (1961).

Eastman, A.A. , and Campbell, J.H. , Stroboscopic and flicker effects from fluorescent lamps. Illum. Engng., 47, 27 (1952).

Ramaswamy, C.G. , Studies in the operating characteristics of pre-heat hot cathode fluorescent tube circuits, J. Indian Inst. Sci., 38, 203 (1956), and 39, 120 (1957).

Hefferman, J.C. , Detection of assymmetry and flicker in fluorescent lamps, Illum. Engng., 58, 141 (1963)-

Powell, A.G. , Measuring distorted waveforms, Electl. Times, 132, 203 (1957).

Francis, V.J. , Fundamentals of discharge tube circuits, Menthuen .

Mallet, R. , Ripple control, Electricity (Nov./Dec. 1965).

Culp, J.W. , Noise in gaseous discharge lamps, Illum. Engng., 47, 37 (1952).

van Boort, H.J.J. , Klesk, M. , and Kruithof, A.A. , Radio interference from fluorescent lamps , Philips tech. Rev., 20, 135 (1958-59).

Wright, F.H. , and Zimmermann, S.A. , Evaluation of radio influence voltages in fluorescent lighting installations, Trans. Am. Inst. elect. Engrs., II, 75, 96 (1956).

Mason, C.A. , and Nutt, D.A. , Discharge lamp chokes (Methods of production noise testing), Electl. Rev., Lond., 148, 489 (1951 ).

Jones, B.F. , Ballast noise-and what to do about it, Illum . Engng., 57, 722 (1962).

Hassen, S. , and Shulman, H. , Vibration characteristics of fluorescent ballast transformers, Illum. Engng., 63, 259 (1968).

van Heuven, E.W. , On the noise of fluorescent lighting installations , Acustica, 5, 101 (1955).

Bloxsidge, W.R. , Noise from fluorescent lighting, Electl. Times (Sept. 21, 1961).

Wilkins, J.T. , and Thompson, J.E. , Lamination flatness and transformer noise , Electl. Times (Feb. I5, 1962).

Swaffield, J. , The causes and characteristics of transformer noise, J. Instn. elect. Engrs., 89, 212 (1942).

van Heuven, E.W. , The noise emission of ballasts for fluorescent lamps, Philips tech. Rev., 18, 110 (1956-57).

Hallay, A.R. , and Haymaker, J.E. , Temperature considerations for built-in mercury ballasts, Illum. Engng., 59, 729 (1964).

AIEE Standard No. I, General principles upon which temperature limits are based in the rating of electrical equipment.

Allen, P.H.G. , and Finn, A.H. , Transient convective cooling, Electl. Times (April 14, 1966).

Pasnak, M. , and Lundsten, R.H. , Effects of temperature on magnetic core materials over the temperature range 24°-850°C, Electl. Mfg., 64, 119 (1959).

Harvey, G.C. , and Streaker, C.E. , Determinants of fluorescent ballast life, Illum. Engng., 51, 563 (1956).

Montsinger, V.M. , Loading transformers by temperature, J. Am. Inst. elect. Engrs., 49, 293 (1930).

Hunt, C.F. , Fitzhugh, A.F. , and Markhardt, A.H. , Overload characteristics of enamelled magnet wire, Electrotechnology (Sept. 1962).

Mann, P. , Determination of transformer life expectancy, Electl. Engng., Lond. (Aug. 1963).

Howlett, C.A. , Voltage temperature life testing of fluorescent ballast insulation systems, Electl. Engng., London. (March 1960).

Hehenkamp, T. , The life of ballasts for gas discharge lamps , Philips tech. Rev., 20, 59 (1958-59).

Guide for electrical measurements of fluorescent lamps, USASI Standard C 78, 375 (1955).

Blevin, W.R. , Measurements of electrical characteristics of fluorescent lamps, Trans. Illum. Eng. Soc. (London) , 22, 164 (1957).

Morren, L. , Mesures electriques sur les lampes a decharge, Revue 'E', 8, No. 4 (1964).

IES Guide for the selection, care and use of electrical instruments in the photometric laboratory, Illum. Engng., 63, 376 (1968).

IES Approved method for the electrical and photometric measurements of fluorescent lamps, Illum. Engng., 62, 556 (1967).

IES Guide for electrical measurements of mercury vapour lamps , Ilium. Engng., 51, 597 (1956).

de Vrijer, B. , The high pressure sodium lamp, Lichttechnik .

Tol, T. , Iodide discharge lamps, Lichttechnik.

Nelson, E.H. , New developments in high-pressure discharge lamps, Proc. Instn. elect. Engrs., 113, 668 (1966 ).

Louden, W.C. , and Schmidt, K. , High pressure sodium discharge arc lamps, Illum. Engng., 60, 696 (1965).

Waymouth, J.F. , Gungle, W.C. , Harris, J.M. , and Koury, F. , A new metal halide arc lamp, Illum. Engng., 60, 85 (1965).

Cohen, S. , Ballasting the new metallic-additive discharge lamps, Illum. Engng., 60, 660 (1965).

Lake, W.H. , and Kramel, L.F. , Compatibility criteria between metal iodide lamps and ballasts, Illum. Engng, 62, 631 (1967).

Franke, A. , Gungle, W.C. , Ring, J.F. , and Waymouth, J.F. , Reignition characteristics of metal halide lamps and their effect on ballast design, Illum. Engng., 62, 204 (1967).

Lark, G.T.K. , Control gear for high-pressure sodium lamps, Publ. Ltg., 33, 141 (1968).

Hamaker, H.C. , and Hehenkamp, T. , Minimum cost transformers and chokes, Philips Res. Rep., 5, 357(1950).

Hehenkamp, T. , Small ballasts for fluorescent lamps. Philips tech. Rev., 18, 279 (1956-57).

Lark, G.T.K. , and Stevens, W.R. , The electrical control of lamp light output , Trans. Illum. Eng. Soc. (London), 32, 159 (1967).