This study examined the impact of light source (LED and HID) and correlated colour temperature (warm-white and neutral-white) on the well-being, mental state and concentration of shop assistants. The experimental design was a 2 × 2 design with repeated measures and complete permutation on all factor combinations with 48 participating shop assistants. Results showed effects of the colour temperature on the well-being and mental state of the shop assistants. No effects of light source could be found for the explored variables. Warm-white colour temperature positively affects the intensity of well-being and mental state and negatively affects the power of concentration.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
CustersPJMde KortYAWIJsselsteijnWAde KruiffME. Lighting in retail environments: Atmosphere perception in the real world. Lighting Research and Technology2010; 42: 331–343.
2.
SurmaS. Selbstwertmanagement: Psychische Belastung im Umgang mit schwierigen Kunden, Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2012.
3.
Altimus C, LeGates T, Hattar S. Light directly influences learning and mood predominantly through melanopsin cells. In Society for Light Treatment and Biological Rhythms Abs 2010, editors. Program and Abstracts: Volume 22. Canada: SLTBR, 2010: 16.
WatsonDClarkLATellegenA. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology1988; 54: 1063–1070.
6.
BoycePR. Editorial: LEDs are the answer, now what's the question?Lighting Research and Technology2013; 45: 265–265.
7.
BaczynskaKPriceL. Efficacy and ocular safety of bright light therapy lamps. Lighting Research and Technology2013; 45: 40–51.
8.
VeitchJAGiffordRHineD. Demand characteristics and full spectrum lighting effects on performance and mood. Journal of Environmental Psychology1991; 11: 87–95.
9.
MillsPTomkinsSSchlangenL. The effect of high correlated colour temperature office lighting on employee wellbeing and work performance. Journal of Circadian Rhythms2007; 5: 1–9.
10.
ChellappaSSteinerRBlattnerPOelhafenPGötzTCajochenC. Non-visual effects of light on melatonin, alertness and cognitive performance: Can blue-enriched light keep us alert?PLoS ONE2011; 6: e16429–e16429.
11.
OppolzerAPsychische Belastungsrisiken aus Sicht der Arbeitswissenschaft und Ansätze für die Prävention. In: BaduraBSchröderHKloseJMaccoK (eds). Fehlzeiten-Report 2009, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2010, pp. 13–22.
12.
NachreinerFSchultetusW. Standardization in the field of mental stress – the DIN EN ISO 10075 series standards. DIN-Mitteilungen2011; 81: 519–533.
13.
PernackEF. Handlungsanleitung zur Beleuchtung von Arbeitsstätten, Düsseldorf: Länderausschuss für Arbeitsschutz und Sicherheitstechnik (LASI), 2005.
14.
VeitchJA. Revisiting the performance and mood effects of information about lighting and fluorescent lamp type. Journal of Environmental Psychology1997; 17: 253–262.
15.
DanielsKHarrisC. Work, psychological well-being and performance. Occupational Medicine2000; 50: 304–308.
WarrPWell-being and the work place. In: KahnemanEDienerESchwarzN (eds). Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology, New York: Russell Sage, 1999. pp. 392–412.
18.
HackmanJOldhamG. Work redesign and motivation. Professional Psychology1980; 11: 445–455.
19.
WatsonDTellegenA. Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin1985; 98: 219–235.
20.
WatsonDClarkLATellegenA. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology1988; 54: 1063–1070.
21.
KrohneHEgloffBKohlmannCWTauschA. Untersuchungen mit einer deutschen Form der “Positive and Negative Affect Schedule” (PANAS). Diagnostica1996; 42: 139–156.
22.
StawBSuttonRPelledL. Employee positive emotion and favorable outcomes at the workplace. Organization Science1994; 5: 51–71.
23.
AlloyLAbramsonL. Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser?Journal of Experimental Psychology: General1979; 108: 441–485.
24.
BanduraA. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist1982; 37: 122–147.
25.
BanduraA. Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes1991; 50: 248–287.
26.
DunningDStoryA. Depression, realism, and the overconfidence effect: Are the sadder wiser when predicting future actions and events?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology1991; 61: 521–532.
27.
StawBBarsadeS. Affect and managerial performance: A test of the sadder-but-wiser vs. happier-and-smarter hypotheses. Administrative Science Quarterly1993; 38: 304–331.
28.
CoyneJ. Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology1976; 85: 186–193.
29.
ZajoncRMurphySInglehartM. Feeling and facial efference: Implications of the vascular theory of emotion. Psychological Review1989; 96: 395–416.
30.
TsaiWChenCLiuH. Test of a model linking employee positive moods and task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology2007; 92: 1570–1583.
31.
PeaseERaetherK. Shift working and well-being: A physiological and psychological analysis of shift workers. Journal of Undergraduate Research2003; 4: 1–5.
32.
KakooeiHRahimiMHosseiniM. The role of bright light during night work on stress and health Status of shift work nurses. International Journal of Occupational Hygiene2009; 1: 49–53.
33.
FolkertsEBaadeW. Hausgeräte-, Beleuchtungs- und Klimatechnik, Würzburg: Vogel, 2007.
34.
TheiβE. Beleuchtungstechnik: Neue Technologien der Innen- und Auβenbeleuchtung, München: Oldenbourg-Industrieverlag, 2000.
35.
VogelsI. Atmosphere Metrics: A Tool to Quantify Perceived Atmosphere, Grenoble: ambiences.net, 2008.
36.
ÇakirA. Licht als Stressor oder Stimulans – Psychophysiologische Wirkungen der Beleuchtung auf den arbeitenden Menschen, Berlin: Ergonomic, 2000.
37.
BaronRAReaMSDanielsSG. Effects of indoor lighting (illuminance and spectral distribution) on the performance of cognitive tasks and interpersonal behaviors: The potential mediating role of positive affect. Motivation and Emotion1992; 16: 1–33.
38.
BortzJSchusterC. Statistik für Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler (7. Aufl.), Berlin: Springer, 2010.
39.
GärtnerKSchwabeMSommerG. Bundesministerin für Frauen und Öffentlichen Dienst im Bundeskanzleramt Österreich. Statistische Analysen zur Entwicklung der Situation von Frauen in Österreich. Frauenbericht 2010, Wien: Bundesministerin für Frauen und Öffentlichen Dienst im Bundeskanzleramt Österreich, 2010. pp. 144–146.
40.
JankeWDebusG. Die Eigenschaftswörterliste (EWL-60), Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1978.
41.
BrickenkampR. Test d2: Aufmerksamkeits-Belastungs-Test (7. Aufl.), Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1981.
42.
VogelsIAtmosphere Metrics. In: WesterinkJOuwerkerkMOverbeekTPasveerFRuyter deB (eds). Probing Experience: From Assessment of User Emotions and Behaviour to Development of Products, Dordrecht: Springer, 2008. pp. 25–41.
43.
DenkEJiménezPSchulzB. The impact of LED lamps in shops on sale assistants: 7th Conference of the Labor, Organizational and Economic Psychology Division of the German Psychological Society,9 September 2011, Rostock, 2011.
44.
PötschkeMPotentiale von Online-Befragungen: Erfahrungen aus der Hochschulforschung. In: SchoenJZerbackH (eds). Sozialforschung im Internet. Methodologie und Praxis der Online-Befragung, Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2009. pp. 75–89.
45.
BortzJDöringN. Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation für Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler (4. Auflage), Berlin: Springer, 2006.
46.
AbtK. Descriptive data analysis: a concept between confirmatory and exploratory data analysis. Methods of Information in Medicine1987; 26: 77–88.
47.
FinkBNeaveNManningJGrammerK. Facial symmetry and judgments of attractiveness, health and personality. Personality and Individual Differences2006; 41: 491–499.
48.
CohenJ. Eta-squared and partial eta-squared in fixed factor ANOVA designs. Educational and Psychological Measurement1973; 33: 107–112.
49.
PierceCBlockRAguinisH. Cautionary note on reporting eta-squared values from multifactor ANOVA designs. Educational and Psychological Measurement2004; 64: 916–924.
50.
CohenJ. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988.
51.
SeibertP. Die Zukunft der traditionellen Lichtquellen. 19. Gemeinschaftstagung der Lichttechnischen Gesellschaften in Wien, Wien: Pflaum Verlag, 2010. Licht 2010.
GovénTLaikeTRaynhamPSansalE. Influence of ambient light on the performance, mood, endocrine systems and other factors of school children. Proceedings of the 27th session of CIE2010; 1: 112–121.
54.
BorayPGiffordRRosenbloodL. Effects of warm white, cool white, and full-spectrum fluorescent lighting on simple cognitive performance, mood, and ratings of others. Journal of Environmental Psychology1989; 9: 297–308.
55.
KüllerRBallalSLaikeTMikellidesBTonelloG. The impact of light and colour on psychological mood: a cross-cultural study of indoor work environments. Ergonomics2006; 14: 1496–1507.
56.
BoycePRVeitchJANewshamGRJonesCCHeerwagenJMyerMHunterCM. Occupant use of switching and dimming controls in offices. Lighting Research and Technology2006; 38: 358–378.
57.
VeitchJANewshamGRBoycePRJonesCC. Office lighting appraisal, performance, and well-being: a linked mechanisms map: Proceedings of the 26th Session of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, Beijing, China, July 4–11: 2007, pp. 1–4.
SzabóFVasZCsutiPSchandaJ. The spectral power distribution dependence of the Purkinje effect. When Appearance Meets Lighting, Ghent: Catholic University College Sint-Lieven, 2010, pp. 45–49.
60.
KnezIKersC. Effects of indoor lighting, gender, and age on mood and cognitive performance. Environment and Behavior2000; 6: 817–831.
