Box girder bridges often suffer from cracking and excessive deflection that affects their overall flexural stiffness, which can influence their operational safety; therefore, periodic load capacity evaluation is needed. However, box girder bridges undergo nonuniform stiffness degradation when in operation, which leads to unreliable evaluation results if the flexural stiffness is not accurately identified. In this article, a model updating method for box girder bridges with nonuniform stiffness is proposed. Based on the cracking condition of the box girder bridge, a reasonable form of stiffness distribution is proposed for use in model updating. This method ensures the continuity and reasonableness of the box girder stiffness and can update the stiffness of a larger number of bridge elements using fewer parameters. Then, based on the relationship between response and stiffness, an objective function that combines deflection and strain shapes subjected to moving loads is proposed, and the corresponding test program is designed from the perspective of high efficiency, low cost, and rich information. This scheme increases the completeness of the structural information obtained about the bridge for model updating and evaluates the load capacity of box girder bridges at a relatively small cost. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method in this article is verified using a numerical example and a scaling experiment. Model updating considering nonuniform stiffness can achieve more reasonable stiffness of the box girder bridge under overall deterioration and obtain more accurate load capacity evaluation results.
ChoiYCOhBH.Transverse modeling of concrete box-girder bridges for prediction of deck slab ultimate load capacity. J Bridge Eng2013; 18(12): 1373–1382.
2.
LiuCXuD.Influence of cracking on deflections of concrete box girder bridges. Balt J Road Bridge Eng2012; 7(2): 104–111.
3.
ZhaiG-HNarazakiYWangS, et al. Synthetic data augmentation for pixel-wise steel fatigue crack identification using fully convolutional networks. Smart Struct Syst2022; 29(1): 237–250.
4.
YangD-HZhouHYiT-H, et al. Joint deterioration detection based on field-identified lateral deflection influence lines for adjacent box girder bridges. Struct Control Health2022; 29(10): e3053.
5.
YangD-HGuanZ-XYiT-H, et al. Fatigue evaluation of bridges based on strain influence line loaded by elaborate stochastic traffic flow. J Bridge Eng2022; 27(9): 04022082.
6.
CancelliALaflammeSAlipourA, et al. Vibration-based damage localization and quantification in a pretensioned concrete girder using stochastic subspace identification and particle swarm model updating. Struct Health Monit2020; 19(2): 587–605.
7.
ZhengXYiT-HZhongJ-W, et al. Rapid evaluation of load-carrying capacity of long-span bridges using limited testing vehicles. J Bridge Eng2022; 27(4): 04022008.
8.
ZhengXYangD-HYiT-H, et al. Bridge influence surface identification method considering the spatial effect of vehicle load. Struct Control Health2021; 28(8): e2769.
9.
DuY-LYiT-HLiX-J, et al. Advances in intellectualization of transportation infrastructures. Engineering2023; 23(4): 64.
10.
BouboulasASAnifantisNK.Three-dimensional finite element modeling of a vibrating beam with a breathing crack. Arch Appl Mech2013; 83(2): 207–223.
11.
CastelAGilbertRIRanziG.Instantaneous stiffness of cracked reinforced concrete including steel-concrete interface damage and long-term effects. J Struct Eng2014; 140(6): 04014021.
12.
LuZRLawSS. Identification of prestress force from measured structural responses. Mech Syst Signal Process2006; 20(8): 2186–2199.
13.
GuanZ-XYangD-HYiT-H, et al. Fatigue evaluation of bridges based on strain influence line loaded by elaborate stochastic traffic flow. J Bridge Eng2022; 27(9): 04022082.
14.
YangD-HYiT-HLiH-N, et al. Monitoring-based analysis of the static and dynamic characteristic of wind actions for long-span cable-stayed bridge. J Civ Struct Health Monit2018; 8(1): 5–15.
15.
TanD-LYanW-H.Existing concrete girder bridges’ bending stiffness assessment based on crack characteristics parameters. Appl Mech Mater2012; 226–228: 1581–1585.
16.
HeSLiJWuX, et al. A two-step inverse method for quantitative damage evaluation of plate-like structures using vibration approach. J Dyn Monit Diagn2024; 3: 32–39.
17.
YouR-ZYiT-HRenL, et al. Inverse unit load method for full-field reconstruction of bending stiffness in girder bridges. ASCE-ASME J Risk Uncertain Eng Syst Part A Civ Eng2023; 9(2): 04023012.
18.
MoaveniSChouKC.An inverse solution for reconstruction of the area-moment-of-inertia of a beam using deflection data. Inverse Probl Sci Eng2011; 19(8): 1155–1174.
19.
SepehryNEhsaniMZhuW, et al. Application of scaled boundary finite element method for vibration-based structural health monitoring of breathing cracks. J Vib Control2021; 27(23–24): 2870–2886.
20.
ZhangC-DXuY-L.Structural damage identification via multi-type sensors and response reconstruction. Struct Health Monit2016; 15(6): 715–729.
21.
IsmailZKuanKKYeeKS, et al. Examining the trend in loss of flexural stiffness of simply supported RC beams with various crack severity using model updating. Measurement2014; 50: 43–49.
22.
SakiyamaFIHVeríssimoGSLehmannF, et al. Quantifying the extent of local damage of a 60-year-old prestressed concrete bridge: a hybrid SHM approach. Struct Health Monit2023; 22(1): 496–517.
23.
GuanZ-XYiT-HYangD-H, et al. Dynamic calibrating of multiscale bridge model using long-term stochastic vehicle-induced responses. J Bridge Eng2024; 29(9): 04024066.
24.
RenW-XFangS-EDengM-Y.Response surface–based finite-element-model updating using structural static responses. J Eng Mech2011; 137(4): 248–257.
25.
JungDSKimCY.Finite element model updating on small-scale bridge model using the hybrid genetic algorithm. Struct Infrastruct Eng2013; 9(5): 481–495.
26.
WanH-PWangCWangN-B, et al. Bending stiffness identification of continuous girder bridges using multiple rotation influence lines. J Bridge Eng2024; 29(12): 04024097.
27.
TeughelsAMaeckJDe RoeckG.Damage assessment by FE model updating using damage functions. Comput Struct2002; 80(25): 1869–1879.
28.
GeristSMaheriMR.Structural damage detection using imperialist competitive algorithm and damage function. Appl Soft Comput2019; 77: 1–23.
29.
LiHWangTWuG.Nonlinear vibration analysis of beam-like bridges with multiple breathing cracks under moving vehicle load. Mech Syst Signal Process2023; 186: 109866.
30.
CaddemiSCaliòI.Exact closed-form solution for the vibration modes of the Euler–Bernoulli beam with multiple open cracks. J Vib Control2009; 327(3–5): 473–489.
31.
ParkTNohM-HLeeS-Y, et al. Identification of a distribution of stiffness reduction in reinforced concrete slab bridges subjected to moving loads. J Bridge Eng2009; 14(5): 355–365.
32.
NohM-HLeeS-Y.A bivariate Gaussian function approach for inverse cracks identification of forced-vibrating bridge decks. Inverse Probl Sci Eng2013; 21(6): 1047–1073.
33.
LamH-FYangJ-HHuQ, et al. Railway ballast damage detection by Markov chain Monte Carlo-based Bayesian method. Struct Health Monit2018; 17(3): 706–724.
34.
WangN-BWangCWanH-P, et al. An approach for identification of bridge bending stiffness distribution using improved Gaussian peak function. J Sound Vib2024; 573: 118218.
LeNTThambiratnamDPNguyenA, et al. A new method for locating and quantifying damage in beams from static deflection changes. Eng Struct2019; 180: 779–792.
37.
SanayeiMPhelpsJESippleJD, et al. Instrumentation, nondestructive testing, and finite-element model updating for bridge evaluation using strain measurements. J Bridge Eng2012; 17(1): 130–138.
38.
BentzECHoultNA.Bridge model updating using distributed sensor data. Proc Inst Civ Eng Bridge Eng2017; 170: 74–86.
39.
AloisioAAlaggioRFragiacomoM.Bending stiffness identification of simply supported girders using an instrumented vehicle: full scale tests, sensitivity analysis, and discussion. J Bridge Eng2021; 26(1): 04020115.
40.
LinS-WDuY-LYiT-H, et al. Model updating using bridge influence lines based on an adaptive metamodel global optimization method. J Bridge Eng2022; 27(3): 04022003.
41.
ZhouHYangD-HYiT-H, et al. Load rating of box girder bridges based on rapid testing using moving loads. Smart Struct Syst2023; 32(6): 371–382.
42.
PimanmasATisavipatJ.Effect of existing cracks on shear failure behaviour of reinforced concrete members. Mag Concr Res2005; 57(8): 485–495.
43.
FaronARombachGA.Simulation of crack growth in reinforced concrete beams using extended finite element method. Eng Fail Anal2020; 116: 104698.
44.
XuTZhuLCastelA, et al. Assessing immediate and time-dependent instantaneous stiffness of cracked reinforced concrete beams using residual cracks. J Struct Eng2018; 144(4): 04018022.
WangCShenYZouY, et al. Stiffness degradation characteristics destructive testing and finite-element analysis of prestressed concrete t-beam. Comput Model Eng Sci2018; 114(1): 75–93.
47.
TeughelsADe RoeckG.Structural damage identification of the highway bridge Z24 by FE model updating. J Vib Control2004; 278(3): 589–610.
