The current study aims to handle the challenge of identifying the location of cracks in carbon-based textile reinforced concrete (TRC) elements by using their smart self-sensory capabilities. To answer this challenge, the study offers to adopt the concept of the Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) analysis. Yet, direct implementation of the TDR analysis to smart sensory carbon yarns is not a straightforward act and requires facing some inherent challenges. Therefore, the study offers an advanced monitoring methodology that handles the various challenges. A special electrical setup is proposed that uses a pair of carbon yarns, in which one yarn is used as the electrical conductor that transmits the electrical current, and the other as insulation. Two calibration processes that consider the unique micro-structural mechanism and its correlation to the electrical characterization are developed. The efficiencies of the calibration processes are investigated by a designated identification technique. Results from this study demonstrate the potential and capabilities of the proposed smart self-sensory carbon-based TRC concept to monitor its health by detecting the cracks’ locations.
WenSChungDDL. Piezoresistivity in continuous carbon fiber cement matrix composite. Cem Concr Res1999; 29: 445–449.
2.
GoldfeldYRabinovitchOFishbainB, et al. Sensory carbon fiber based textile reinforced concrete for smart structures. J Intell Mater Syst Struct2016; 27(4): 469–489.
3.
GabenMGoldfeldY. Self-sensory carbon-based textile reinforced concrete beams – characterization of the structural-electrical response by AC measurements. Sens Actuators A2022; 334: 113322.
GoldfeldYYosefL. Sensing accumulated cracking with smart coated and uncoated carbon based TRC. Measurement2019; 141: 137–151.
6.
YosefLGoldfeldY. Effect of matrix electrical and micro-structural properties on the self-sensory capabilities of smart textile reinforced composites. J Build Eng2023; 67: 105909.
7.
YosefLGoldfeldY. Smart self-sensory carbon-based textile reinforced concrete structures for structural health monitoring. Struct Health Monit2020; 20(3): 1475921720951122.
8.
GoldfeldYQuadfliegTBen-Aarosh, et al. Micro and macro crack sensing in TRC beam under cyclic loading. J Mech Mater Struct2017; 12(5): 579–601.
9.
QuadfliegTStolyarovOGriesT. Carbon rovings as strain sensors for structural health monitoring of engineering materials and structures. J Strain Anal Eng Des2016; 51(7): 482–492.
10.
GoldfeldYYosefL. Electrical–structural characterization of smart carbon-based textile reinforced concrete beams by integrative gauge factors. Strain2020; 56: e12344.
11.
GoldfeldYPerryG. Electrical characterization of smart sensory system using carbon based textile reinforced concrete for leakage detection. Mater Struct2018; 51(6): 170.
12.
PerryGDittelGGriesT, et al. Monitoring capabilities of various smart self sensory carbon-based textiles to detect water infiltration. J Intell Mater Syst Struct2021; 32(20): 2566–2581.
13.
ColeRH. Time domain reflectometry. Annu Rev Phys Chem1977; 28(1): 283–300.
14.
BarnoskiMRourkeMJensenSM, et al. Optical time domain reflectometer. Appl Optics1977; 16(9): 2375–2379.
15.
JangJChangSChoN, et al. Crack detection of structures using optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) method. In: LiuSC (ed.) Smart structures and materials 2000: smart systems for bridges, structures, and highways, 2000, vol. 3988, pp. 276–283.
16.
LiuHYangZ. Distributed optical fiber sensing of cracks in concrete. In: HuangSBennettKDJacksonDAet al. (eds) Optical and fiber optic sensor systems1998, vol. 3555, pp. 291–299.
17.
BremerKMeinhardt-WollweberMThielT, et al. Sewerage tunnel leakage detection using a fibre optic moisture-detecting sensor system. Sens Actuators A2014; 220: 62–68.
18.
GoldfeldYKlarA. Damage identification in reinforced concrete beams using spatially distributed strain measurements. J Struct Eng2013; 139(12): 04013013.
19.
OhnoHNaruseHKiharaM, et al. Industrial applications of the BOTDR optical fiber strain sensor. Opt Fiber Technol2001; 7(1): 45–64.
20.
BadoMFCasasJRBarriasA. Performance of Rayleigh-based distributed optical fiber sensors bonded to reinforcing bars in bending. Sensors2018; 18(9): 3125.
21.
BremerKWeigandFZhengY, et al. Structural health monitoring using textile reinforcement structures with integrated optical fiber sensors. Sensors2017; 17(2): 345.
22.
AlwisLSBremerKRothB. Fiber optic sensors embedded in textile-reinforced concrete for smart structural health monitoring: a review. Sensors2021; 21(15): 4948.
23.
HeggerJVossS. Investigations on the bearing behaviour and application potential of textile reinforced concrete. Eng Struct2008; 30: 2050–2205.
24.
De Andrade SilvaFButlerMMechtcherineV, et al. Strain rate effect on the tensile behavior of textile-reinforced concrete under static and dynamic loading. Mater Sci Eng A2011; 528(3): 1727–1734.
25.
PeledABenturA. Fabric structure and its reinforcing efficiency in textile reinforced cement composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2003; 34(2): 107–118.
26.
SoranakomCMobasherB. Geometrical and mechanical aspects of fabric bonding and pullout in cement composites. Mater Struct2009; 42: 765–777.
27.
PeledABenturAMobasherB. Textile reinforced concrete. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, 2017.
28.
KrügerMReinhardtH-WFichtlschererM. Bond behavior of textile reinforcement in reinforced and prestressed concrete. Otto-Graf-J2001; 50: 12–33.
29.
HartigJHäußler-CombeUSchicktanzK. Influence of bond properties on the tensile behaviour of textile reinforced concrete. Cem Concr Compos2008; 30(10): 898–906.
30.
BartosP. Brittle matrix composites reinforced with bundles of fibres. In: MasoJ-C (ed.) From materials science to construction materials engineering volume two, combining materials: design, production and properties. London, New York: Chapman and Hall, 1987, pp. 539–546.
31.
ZhuWBartosPJM. Assessment of interfacial microstructure and bond properties in aged GRC using a novel microindentation method. Cem Concr Res1997; 27(11): 1701–1711.
32.
Häußler-CombeUHartigJ. Bond and failure mechanisms of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) under uniaxial tensile loading. Cem Concr Compos2007; 29(4): 279–289.
