In this article, a framework of building monitoring is developed and transient and permanent variations of the fundamental period of vibration caused by both damage and repair interventions are investigated. The buildings of the University of Ferrara (Emilia-Romagna Region, Northern Italy), struck by the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence, were monitored using both temporary and permanent equipment: the first one to perform ambient vibration tests and the second one to implement permanent real-time monitoring for earthquake recording. Three on-demand ambient vibration tests were performed at each floor of the buildings: the first dataset was acquired a few months before the mainshock occurred on 20 May 2012 (ML = 5.9, 6.8 km depth and 30 km epicentral distance); the second was acquired right after the end of the sequence, when the building showed slight damage (degree 1 according to the European Macroseismic Scale 98); finally, the third dataset was acquired in 2016 after the repair intervention. The data analysis clearly documented the permanent drop of the first vibration frequency as a symptom of the damage and its partial recovery that followed the repairs. The permanent real-time monitoring system, despite the fact that it was implemented using low-cost sensors, provided an insight into the intra-event frequency variation, allowing in turn a preliminary damage assessment.
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