Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Transient stress waves have been used to quantify the extent of damage in cylindrical structures. In the present study, this technique is extended to the in situ quantification of damage in a bolt. Piezoelectric wafers were bonded to either end of two bolts, one of which was loaded in tension in a steel block. Both bolts were incrementally damaged by sawing a cut, to observe the changes in a stress wave which had traversed the bolts in the presence of increasing damage. A clear relationship between the extent of damage in the bolt and the attenuation of the stress wave was observed. Tension in the bolt did not affect this relationship, illustrating the in situ applicability of the technique.

In a second set of experiments, bolts were subjected to conditions in which stress corrosion cracking would occur, whilst stress waves were excited in each bolt, to illustrate the ability of the method to detect a naturally occurring form of damage. It was found that the attenuation of a stress wave which had traversed the bolt was proportional to the extent of stress corrosion damage, measured by the residual strength. It is concluded that the technique is capable of detecting in situ damage in structural grades of fasteners.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

1. Ahn, V.S., Harris, J.G. and Achenbach, J.D. (1992). Numerical analysis of the acoustic signature of a surface-breaking crack . IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics & Frequency Control, 39(1), 112–118 .

2. Atrens, A. and Wang, Z.F. (1995). Stress corrosion cracking . Materials Forum, 19, 9–34 .

3. Barke, D.W., Chiu, W.K. and Fernando, S. (2000). Residual strength assesment of stress corrosion in high strength steel components. In: Toor, P.M. (ed.), Structural integrity of fasteners: Second Volume (Vol. ASTM STP 1391, pp. 105–119). West Conshohocken PA. United States of America: ASTM .

4. Barke, D.W., Chiu, W.K. and Fernando, S. (2001). Stress corrosion damage detection in bolts by stress wave attenuation . Paper Presented at the Third International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, (pp. 374–383 ). Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

5. Barke, D.W., Chiu, W.K. and Fernando, S. (2002). Damage detection in bolts under service load by stress wave attenuation , Paper Presented at the Third Australiasian Conference on Applied Mechanics, (pp. 189–194 ). Sydney, Australia.

6. Beard, M.D., Lowe, M.J.S. and Cawley, P. (2002). Development of a guided wave inspection technique for rock bolts. Insight : Non-destructive Testing & Condition Monitoring, 44(1), 19–24 .

7. Bucci, R.J., Brazill, R.L., Sprowls, D.O., Ponchel, B.M. and Bretz, P.E. (1985). Breaking load method: a new approach for assessing resistance to growth of early stage stress corrosion cracks , Paper Presented at the Corrosion Cracking, Proceedings of Corrosion Cracking Program & Related Papers Presented at International Conference & Exposition on Fatigue, Corrosion Cracking, Fracture Mechanics & Failure Analysis., Salt Lake City, UT, USA. 19851202-19851206. Conference Code: 10520., pp. 267–277 .

8. Colvin, E.L. and Emptage, M.R. (eds.). (1992). The breaking load method: results and statistical modification from the ASTM interlaboratory test program. Philadelphia, PA. USA: ASTM 1916 Race St. Philadelphia .

9. Daponte, P., Maceri, F. and Olivito, R.S. (1995). Ultra-sonic signal processing techniques for the measurement of damage growth in structural materials . IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 44(6), 1003–1008 .

10.

10. Greenfield, P. (1971). Stress corrosion failure. London: Mills and Boon .

11.

11. Johns, D.R. and Shemwell, K. (1997). The crevic corrosion and stress corrosion cracking resistance of austenitic and duplex stainless steel fasteners . Corrosion Science, 39(3), 437–487 .

12.

12. Jones, R.H. and Ricker, R.E. (1992). Mechanisms of stress corrosion cracking. In: Jones, R.H. (ed.), Stress corrosion cracking; materials performance and evaluation (Vol. 1). Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International .

13.

13. Light, G.M., Joshi, N.R. and Liu, S.-N. (1987). Ultra-sonic detection of stress corrosion cracks in reactor pressure vessel and primary coolant system anchor studs (bolts) . Materials Evaluation, 45 (12), 1413–1418 .

14.

14. Lin, C.S., Laurilliard, J.J. and Hood, A.C. (1967). Stress corrosion cracking of high strength bolting, ASTM STP 425 stress corrosion testing (Vol. STP 425, pp. 84–98). Philadelphia, PA: ASTM .

15.

15. Marsh, P.G. and Gerberich, W.W. (1992). Stress corrosion cracking of high strength steels (yield strengths greater than 1240 MPa). In: Jones, R.H. (ed.), Stress corrosion cracking; materials performance and evaluation (Vol. 1, pp. 63–90). Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International .

16.

16. Mostafa, I., Hailu, S., Welsch, G.E., Hazony, D. and Halford, G.R. (1997). Ultrasonic pulse transmit-receiver method for detecting and monitoring of fatigue damage . Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the 1997 29th National Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics, pp. 642–657 . Stanford, CA. USA.

17.

17. Peterson, R.E. (1974). Stress concentration factors. New York: John Wiley and Sons .

18.

18. Sprowls, D.O. (1992). Evaluation of stress corrosion cracking. In: Jones, R.H. (ed.), Stress corrosion cracking; materials performance and evaluation (Vol. 1, pp. 363–415). Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International .

19.

19. Suaris, W. and Fernando, V. (1987a). Detection of crack growth in concrete from ultrasonic intensity measurements . Materials and Structures, 20(117), 214–220 .

20.

20. Suaris, W. and Fernando, V. (1987b). Ultrasonic pulse attenuation as a measure of damage growth during cyclic loading of concrete . ACI Materials Journal, 84(3), 185–193 .

21.

21. Suh, D.M. and Kim, W.W. (1995). A new ultrasonic technique for detection and sizing of small cracks in studs and bolts . Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 14(4), 201–206 .

22.

22. Suh, D.-M., Kim, W.-W. and Chung, J.-G. (1999). Ultrasonic inspection of studs (bolts) using dynamic predictive deconvolution and wave shaping . IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 46(2), 457–463 .

23.

23. Vary, A. (1988). The acousto-ultrasonic approach. In: John, J. and Duke, C. (ed.), Acousto-ultrasonics: theory and application (Vol. 1, pp. 1–21). New York: Plenum Press .

24.

24. Voronenko, B.I. (1990). Influence of alloy elements on the stress corrosion cracking resistance of iron alloys . Metal science and heat treatment (Engl. Trans. of Metallovedenie I Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov), 32( 9–10), 718–726 .

25.

25. Wang, L. and Shen, J. (1997). Scattering of elastic waves by a crack in a isotropic plate . Ultrasonics, 35, 451–457 .

In situ Damage Quantification in Bolts

Abstract

Get full access to this article

References