This paper presents the shape optimization of the blades of a contra-rotating fan according to aerodynamic, structural and aeroacoustic criteria. The prediction of wake-interaction and trailing-edge noise emission is integrated into the optimization process by means of RANS-based hybrid methods. These methods split the description of the flow field, which is made by computational fluid dynamics, from the quantification of the source of noise and of its propagation, obtained using analytic formulations. The optimization is performed by an evolutionary algorithm assisted by an artificial neural network. The sensitivity analysis of the design parameters and of the constraints used in the optimization process provides a new perspective on the multi-objective efficiency-noise optimization approach, which will be increasingly used in turbomachinery design in the future.
StrackWCKnipGWeisbrichALet al. Technology and benefits of aircraft counter rotation propellers. Technical Report 82983, NASA, 1981.
2.
HansonDB.Noise of counter-rotation propellers. J Aircraft1987;
22: 609–617.
3.
ParryAB.Theoretical prediction of counter-rotating propeller noise. PhD Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988.
4.
DronS. Toward acare 2020: innovative engine architectures to achieve the environmental goals? Proceedings of the 26th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 14–19 September 2008.
5.
LighthillJ.On sound generated aerodynamically. I. General Theory. Proc R Soc Lond Series A Math Phys Sci1954;
211: 564–587.
6.
BuissonMFerrandPSoulatLet al.
Optimal design of an automotive fan using the turbopty meta-model. Comput Fluids2013;
80: 207–213.
7.
Fosso PouanguéAMnasriCMoreauS.Parameterization and optimization of broadband noise for high-lift devices. Comput Fluids2016;
140: 308–319.
8.
LepotILeborgneMSchnellRet al. Aero-mechanical optimization of a contra-rotating open rotor and assessment of its aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics. In: 9th European Turbomachinery Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 21–25 March 2011.
9.
SchnellRYinJFunkeSet al. Aerodynamic and basic acoustic optimization of a contra-rotating open rotor with experimental verification. In: 18th AIAA/CEAS aeroacoustics conference, Colorado Springs, CO, USA, 4–6 June 2012.
10.
MoreauSRogerMJurdicV. Effect of angle of attack and airfoil shape on turbulence-interaction noise. In: Proceedings of the 11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference,Monterey, CA, USA, 23–25 May 2005.
11.
MishPFDevenportWJ.An experimental investigation of unsteady surface pressure on an airfoil in turbulence – part 1: Effects of mean loading. J Sound Vibr2006;
296: 417–446.
12.
RozenbergY.Modélisation analytique du bruit aérodynamique à large bande des machines tournantes: utilisation de calculs moyennés de mécanique des fluides. PhD Thesis, École Centrale de Lyon, 2007.
13.
WinklerJ.Investigation of trailing-edge blowing on airfoils for turbomachinery broadband noise reduction. PhD Thesis, Universität Siegen, 2011.
14.
ChristopheJ.Application of hybrid methods to high frequency aeroacoustics. PhD Thesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles - von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 2011.
15.
De SantanaLSchramCDesmetW.Low-frequency extension of amiets theory for compact airfoil noise predictions. J Sound Vibr2016;
372: 342–356.
16.
BlandeauVPJosephPF.Broadband noise due to rotor-wake/rotor interaction in contra-rotating open rotors. AIAA J2010;
48: 2674–2686.
17.
QuagliaME.Méthodes de prédiction semi-analytiques pour un doublet d’hélices contra-rotatives. PhD Thesis, Université de Sherbrooke – École Centrale de Lyon, 2017.
ChristopheJSanjoséMMoreauS. Uncertainty quantification of low-speed axial fan self noise. In: 14th international symposium on transport phenomena and dynamics of rotating machinery, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 27 February–2 March 2012.
22.
ChristopheJKücükcoscunKSchramCet al. Experimental validation of a semi-analytical trailing-edge noise model including broadband scattering. In: Proceedings of the 21st AIAA/CEAS aeroacoustics conference, Dallas, TX, USA, 22–26 June 2015.
23.
CarazoARogerMOmaisM. Analytical prediction of wake-interaction noise in counter-rotation open rotors. In: Proceedings of the 17th AIAA/CEAS aeroacoustics conference (32nd AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), Portland, Oregon, USA, 5–8 June 2011.
24.
ColinYCarazoACaruelleBet al. Computational strategy for predicting cror noise at low-speed part i: review of the numerical methods. In: 18th AIAA/CEAS aeroacoustics conference (33rd AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), Colorado Springs, CO, USA, 4–6 June 2012.
25.
GrassoG.Développement de méthodes hybrides pour le calcul de la génération et de la propagation de bruit de raies et à large bande des ventilateurs. PhD Thesis, Université de Sherbrooke - von Kármán Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 2017. URL http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11790.
26.
GoldbergDE.Genetic algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning.
Boston, MA:
Addison-Wesley, 1989.
27.
StornRPriceK.Differential evolution - a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces. J Global Optimiz1997;
11: 341–359.
28.
VerstraeteT.Multidisciplinary turbomachinery component optimization considering performance, stress, and internal heat transfer. PhD Thesis, Universiteit Gent - von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 2008.
29.
VerstraeteT. Cado: a computer aided design and optimization tool for turbomachinery applications. In: 2nd international conference on engineering optimization, Lisbon, Portugal, 2010.
30.
MadavanNK.Multiobjective optimization using a pareto differential evolution approach. Proc Congress Evolutionary Computat2002;
2: 1145–1150.
31.
KröseB, andvan derSmagtP.An introduction to neural networks. 8th ed.
Amsterdam:
The University of Amsterdam, 1996.
32.
MontgomeryDC.Design and analysis of experiments.
New York, NY:
Wiley, 2008.
33.
BoxGEPHunterJS.The fractional factorial designs. part i. Technometrics1961;
3: 311–351.
34.
PierretS.Designing turbomachinery blades by means of the function approximation concept based on artificial neural network, genetic algorithm, and the Navier-Stokes equation. PhD Thesis, Faculté Polytechnique de Mons - von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 1999.
35.
DhondtG. Calculix - a free software three-dimensional structural finite element program, http://www.dhondt.de/ (2017, accessed 15 August 2017)
NUMECA International. NUMECA AutoGrid v9. Automated Grid Generator for Turbomachinery - User Manual, 2013.
38.
DentonJDSinghUK.Time-marching methods for turbomachinery flow calculations.
Belgium:
von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 1979.
39.
HeL.Fourier methods for turbomachinery applications. Progr Aerospace Sci2010;
46: 329–341.
40.
JaronRMoreauAGuérinS. Rans-informed fan noise prediction: separation and extrapolation of rotor wake and potential field. In: 20th AIAA/CEAS aeroacoustics conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, 16–20 June 2014.
41.
FournierF.Mise au Point d’une Methode de Calcul Adaptée au Bruit des Fenestrons d’Hélicoptères. PhD Thesis, École Centrale de Lyon, 1988.
42.
AmietRK.Acoustic radiation from an airfoil in a turbulent stream. J Sound Vibr1975;
41: 407–420.
43.
AmietRK.High frequency thin-airfoil theory for subsonic flow. AIAA J. 1976;
14: 1076–1082.
44.
CurleN.The influence of solid boundaries upon aerodynamic sound.Proc Roy Soc London A Math Phys Eng Sci1955;
231: 505–514.
45.
ChristopheJAnthoineJMoreauS.Amiet’s theory in span-wise varying flow conditions. AIAA J2009;
47: 788–790.
46.
Ffowcs WilliamsJEHawkingsDL.Sound generation by turbulence and surfaces in arbitrary motion.Philosophical Transact Roy Soc1969;
A264: 321–342.
47.
MoreauAGuerinS. Similarities of the free-field and in-duct formulations in rotor noise problems. In: 17th AIAA/CEAS aeroacoustics conference (32nd AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), Portland, Oregon, USA, 5–8 June 2011.
48.
RogerM.Aeroengine noise, chapter Analytical Methods for Turbomachinery Noise Prediction. Part I: Open Rotor Noise. von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 2014.
49.
PatersonRWAmietRK. Noise of a model helicopter rotor due to ingestion of turbulence. Technical report, NASA, 1979.
50.
RogerMMoreauSGuédelA.Broadband fan noise prediction using single-airfoil theory. Noise Cont Engng J2006;
54: 5–14.
SinayokoSKinganMAgarwalA. Trailing edge noise theory for rotating blades in uniform flow. Proc Roy Soc A2013.
53.
SinayokoSHuraultJ. On predicting wind turbine noise and amplitude modulation using Amiets theory. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on wind turbine noise, Glasgow, UK, 20–23 April 2015.
54.
JurdicVMoreauAJosephPFet al. A comparison between measured and predicted fan broadband noise due to rotor-stator interaction. In: 13th AIAA/CEAS aeroacoustics conference, Rome, Italy, 21–23 May 2007.
55.
DiesteMGabardG. Broadband fan interaction noise using synthetic inhomogeneous non-stationary turbulence. In: 17th AIAA/CEAS aeroacoustics conference, Portland, Oregon, USA, 5–8 June 2011.
56.
BlandeauVPJosephPFKinganMJet al.
Broadband noise predictions from uninstalled contra-rotating open rotors. Int J Aeroacoustics2013;
12: 245–282.
57.
WilsonDK. Three-dimensional correlation and spectral functions for turbulent velocities in homogeneous and surface-blocked boundary layers. Technical report, Army Research Laboratory, 1997.
58.
AmietRK. Noise due to turbulent flow past a trailing edge. J Sound Vibr1976; 4.
59.
RogerM.Aeroengine Noise, chapter Analytical Methods for Turbomachinery Noise Prediction. Part III: Modeling of Aerodynamic Noise Sources, VKI Lecture Series 2015-01. Belgium: von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 2014.
60.
RogerMMoreauS.Back-scattering correction and further extensions of Amiet’s trailing-edge noise model. Part 1: Theory. J Sound Vibr2005;
286: 477–506.
KraichnanRC.Pressure fluctuations in turbulent flow over a flat plate. J Acoustical Soc Am1956;
28: 378–390.
63.
RemmlerSChristopheJAnthoineJet al.
Computation of wall-pressure spectra from steady flow data for noise prediction. AIAA J2010;
48: 1997–2007.
64.
CorcosGM.The structure of the turbulent pressure field in boundary-layer flows. J Fluid Mech1964;
18: 353–379.
65.
SanjoséMMoreauS. Rans based analytical modeling of broadband noise for a low-speed fan. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on transport phenomena and dynamics of rotating machinery - ISROMAC, Maui, Hawaii, USA, 16–21 December 2017.
