The term ‘international education’ has been in continuous use since the 1860s. This article seeks to provide an examination of the extensive descriptions and definitions of international education through the period 1893 to 1944. It includes the Columbian Exposition of 1893, the works of Kemény, Tagore, Kandel and Harley, and the work of the League of Nations, the World Federation of Education Associations and the International Bureau of Education, as well as the many international schools established during this period.
ARNDT, C. O.
AND EVERETT, S., eds (1951) Education for a World Society: Promising Practices Today. New York: Harper & Brothers.
2.
ARUM, S
, AND VAN DE WATER, J. (1992) ‘The need for definition of international education in U.S. universities’, in C.B. Klasek (ed.) Bridges to the Future: Strategies for Internationalizing Higher Education, pp. 191-203. Carbondale, IL: Association of International Education Administrators.
3.
BONNEY, C. G.
(1894) ‘Address of welcome by President of World’s Congress Auxiliary and others’, in Proceedings of the International Congress of Education of the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, July 25-28, 1893, pp. 2-33. New York: National Education Association.
4.
BRICKMAN, W. W.
(1950) ‘International education’, in Encyclopedia of Educational Research, ed. W.S. Monroe, pp. 617-627. New York: Macmillan.
5.
BRICKMAN, W. W.
(1962) ‘International relations in higher education, 1862-1962’, in Brickman and S. Lehrer (eds) A Century of Higher Education: Classical Citadel to Collegiate Colossus, pp. 208-239. New York: Society for the Advancement of Education.
6.
BRICKMAN, W. W.
(1977) ‘C.I.E.S: An historical analysis’. Comparative Education Review21(2/3): 396-404.
7.
BUELL, R. L.
(1925) International Relations. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
8.
BUTTS, M., tr.
(1944) ‘Forerunners of the International Bureau of Education: A hitherto unrecorded aspect of the history of education and of international institutions’, by P. Rossello, Yearbook of Education, pp. 1-120. London: Evans Brothers.
9.
BUTTS, R. F.
(1969) ‘America’s role in international education: A perspective on thirty years’, in The United States and International Education - The Sixty-Eighth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, ed. Harold G. Shane, pp. 3-45. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10.
BUTTS, R. F.
(1971) ‘International education, overview’, in L.C. Deighton (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Education, pp. 164-171. New York: Free Press.
11.
CARR, W.G.
, ed. (1944) International Frontiers in Education: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Philadelphia: The American Academy.
12.
CARR, W.G.
(1945) Only by Understanding, Foreign Policy Association Headline Series, 52. New York: Foreign Policy Association.
13.
CHAKRAVARTY, A.
, ed. (1961) A Tagore Reader. Boston: Beacon Press.
14.
COMPAYRÉ, G.
(1893) ‘A foreigner’s impressions of the Chicago Educational Congresses’. Educational Review6: 257-267.
15.
COMPAYRÉ G.
(1903) The History of Pedagogy. Boston: D.C. Heath and Co.
16.
DUNN, A.
(1925) ‘World civics’. School and Society22(July-December): 771.
17.
DUTTA, K.
AND ROBINSON, A. (1995) Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad Minded Man. New York: St Martin’s Press.
18.
FRASER, S.E.
AND BRICKMAN, W.W. (1968) A History of International and Comparative Education: Nineteenth-Century Documents. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman and Co.
19.
FRIEDMAN, T. L.
(2000) The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization. New York: Anchor Books.
20.
GOOD, H. G.
(1960) A History of Western Education. New York: Macmillan.
21.
GREGORY, W.
, ed. (1938) International Congresses and Conferences, 1840-1937: A Union List of their Publications Available in Libraries of the United States and Canada. New York: H. W. Wilson Co.
22.
HANS, N. A.
(1964) ‘The historical evolution of internationalism’, in George F. Bereday and Josephy A. Lauwerys (eds) Education and International Life - The yearbook of education 1964, pp. 21-32. New York: Harcourt Brace & World.
23.
HARLEY, J. E
, ed. (1931) International Understanding: Agencies Educating for a New World. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
24.
HEATER, D.
(1996) World Citizenship and Government: Cosmopolitan Ideas in the History of Western Political Thought., London: Macmillan.
25.
HILL, I.
(2001) ‘Early stirrings: The beginnings of the international education movement’. International Schools Journal20(2): 11-22.
26.
HUSÉN, T.
(1994) ‘International education’, in T. Husén and T.N. Postlethwaite (eds) The International Encyclopedia of Education, 2nd edn, vol. 5, pp. 2972-2978. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
27.
IBE (1929) International Bureau of Education, Tufts University Archives, Estate of Edwin Ginn (World Peace Foundation), catalogue #37 (072 (00), Medford, Ma.
28.
KANDEL, I. L.
(1933) Comparative Education. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.
29.
KANDEL, I. L.
(1937) ‘Intelligent nationalism in the school curriculum’, in I.L. Kandel and G.M. Whipple (eds) Thirty-Sixth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Committee on International Understanding, part II, International Understanding through the Public School Curriculum, pp. 35-42. Bloomington, IL: Public School Publishing Co.
30.
KANDEL, I. L.
AND WHIPPLE, G. M., eds (1937) Thirty-Sixth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Committee on International Understanding, part II, International Understanding Through the Public School Curriculum. Bloomington, IL: Public School Publishing Co.
31.
KENWORTHY, L. S.
(1947) ‘Social studies teaching and international understanding’, UNESCO Seminar on Education for International Understanding (Sèvres), UNESCO Archives, Paris.
32.
KENWORTHY, L. S.
(1951) ‘The schools of the world and education for a world society’, in C. O. Arndt and S. Everett (eds) Education for a World Society, pp. 199-230. New York: Harper & Brothers.
33.
KENWORTHY, L. S.
(1952) World Horizons for Teachers. New York: Teacher’s College Columbia University.
34.
KUEHL, W.F.
, ed. (1969) Seeking World Order, the United States and International Organization to 1920. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
35.
LA FONTAINE, M. H.
(1911) ‘The work done by private initiative in the organization of the world’, in Gustav Spiller (ed.) Papers on Inter-racial Problems Communicated to the First Universal Races Congress Held at the University of London, July 26-29, 1911, pp. 243-254. London: P.S. King & Son.
36.
LAWSON, M.
(1995) The International Peoples College, Helsignor, Denmark: Seven Decades of Peace Education. Malmo: Malmo School of Education (ERIC document #ED306401).
37.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
(1921) The Records of the Second Assembly, Plenary Meeting, pp 309-314. Geneva: The League of Nations.
38.
LENGYEL, E.
(1951) ‘Internationalism in education’, in A.H. Moehlman and J.S. Roucek (eds) Comparative Education, pp. 594-620. New York: Dryden Press.
39.
MEYER, A. E.
(1949) The Development of Education in the Twentieth Century. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
40.
MONROE, W.S.
(1919) ‘International congresses of education’, in P. Monroe (ed.) A Cyclopedia of Education, pp. 477-478. New York: Macmillan.
41.
Cited in D.G. Scanlon, ed. (1960) International Education: A Documentary History, pp. 99-118. New York: Columbia University, Bureau of Publications, Teachers College.
42.
MURRAY, S. G.
(1929) ‘The international aspect of education’. School and Society30(764): 213-215.
43.
NEA (NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION)
(1894) Proceedings of the International Congress of Education of the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, July 25-28, 1893. New York: National Education Association.
44.
NEA
(1923a) World Conference on Education (Conference papers). San Francisco: National Education Association (pamphlet issued by National Education Association, 32 pp.).
45.
NEA
(1923b) Addresses and Proceedings of the Sixty First Annual Meeting Held at Oakland - San Francisco, California, July 1-6, 1923. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
46.
PERIASWAMY, A. (1976) ‘Rabindranath Tagore’s philosophy of international education’. Thesis, Loyola University of Chicago.
47.
PRESCOTT, D.
(1930) Education and International Relations: A Study of the Social Forces that Determine the Influence of Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
48.
QUILLEN, I. J.
(1948) Textbook Improvement and International Understanding. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
49.
ROSSELLO, P.
(1943) Les Précurseurs du Bureau International d’Education. Geneva: International Bureau of Education.
50.
Cited in D.G. Scanlon, ed. (1960) International Education: A Documentary History, pp. 75-82. New York: Columbia University, Bureau of Publications, Teachers College.
51.
SAINSBURY, E. J.
(1923) ‘The meaning of the World Conference’, in Addresses and Proceedings of the Sixty-First Annual Meeting of the National Education Association held at Oakland-San Francisco, July 1-6, 1923, 61: 225-227. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
52.
SAWAYANAGI, M.
(1923) ‘The hope of the nations’, in Addresses and Proceedings of the Sixty-First Annual Meeting of the National Education Association held at Oakland-San Francisco, July 1-6, 1923, 61: 222-223. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
53.
SCANLON, D. G.
(1959) ‘Pioneers of international education: 1817-1914’. Teachers College Record62: 209-219.
54.
SCANLON, D. G.
, ed. (1960) International Education: A Documentary History. New York: Columbia University, Bureau of Publications, Teachers College.
55.
SCANLON, D. G.
AND SHIELDS, J., eds (1968) Problems and Prospects in International Education. New York: Teachers College Press.
56.
SCHNAPPER, M. B.
, ed. (1943) Education and the United Nations: A Report of a Joint Commission of the Council for Education in World Citizenship and the London International Assembly. Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs.
57.
SCOTT, W.
(1912) World Education: A Discussion of the Favorable Conditions for A World Campaign for Education. Cambridge, MA: University Press.
58.
SMITH, H. L.
AND CRAYTON, S. G. (1929) ‘Tentative program for teaching world friendship and understanding in teacher training institutions and in public schools for children who range in age from six to fourteen years of age’. Bulletin of the School of Education5(5): 7-40. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, Bureau of Cooperative Research.
59.
STANWORTH, D. (1998) ‘An international education at Yokohama International School: From theory to practice’. unpublished MA thesis, University of Bath, UK.
60.
STEWART, W. A. C.
(1972) Progressives and Radicals in English Education, 1750-1970. London: Macmillan.
61.
STOKER, S.
(1933) The Schools and International Understanding. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
62.
STOMFAY-STITZ, A.
(1993) Peace Education in America 1828-1990. London: Scarecrow Press.
63.
SYLVESTER, R.
(2002) ‘The “first” international school’, in M.C. Hayden, J.J. Thompson and G.R. Walker (eds) International Education in Practice: Dimensions for National and International Schools, pp. 3-17. London: Kogan Page.
64.
THOMAS, A. O.
(1923) ‘Report of committee on foreign relations’, in Addresses and Proceedings of the Sixty-First Annual Meeting of the National Education Association held at Oakland-San Francisco, July 1-6, 1923, 61: 402-405. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
65.
THOMAS, A. O
(1932) ‘Education and the world viewpoint’, in Proceedings of the Seventieth Annual Meeting of the National Education Association held at Atlantic City, New Jersey, June 25-July 1, 1932, 70: 186-190. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
66.
Cited in D.G. Scanlon, ed. (1960) International Education: A Documentary History, pp. 178-182. New York: Columbia University, Bureau of Publications, Teachers College.
67.
WATERMAN, R.
(1893) ‘International educational congresses of 1893’. Educational Review, 6: 158-166.
68.
WILSON, D. N.
(1994) ‘Comparative and international education: Fraternal or siamese twins? A preliminary genealogy of our twin fields’. Comparative Education Review38(4): 449-486.
69.
WILSON, H. E.
(1947) UNESCO’s First Seminar: An Experiment in Education for International Understanding. Paris: UNESCO.
70.
WOLKONSKY, S.
(1894) ‘Address of welcome by the delegate of the Ministry of Public Instruction in Russia’, in Proceedings of the International Congress of Education of the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, July 25-28, 1893, pp. 37-39. New York: National Education Association.
71.
WOODY, T.
(1956) ‘The trend toward international education’. School and Society83(2077) (21 January): 19-23.
72.
WOOTON, F.
(1929) ‘The International School of Geneva’, School and Society (Special Correspondence)30(758) (6 July): 23-25.
73.
WFEA (WORLD FEDERATION OF EDUCATION ASSOCIATIONS)
(1926) ‘Proposed articles of incorporation of the World Federation of Education Associations’, in Proceedings of the Sixty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the National Education Association held at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 27-July 2, 1926, 64: 998-1003. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
74.
WFEA
(1927a) ‘Proposed articles of incorporation of the World Federation of Education Associations’, in Proceedings of the Sixty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the National Education Association held at Seattle, Washington, July 3-8, 1927, 65: 1008-1016. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
75.
WFEA (1927b) Draft Recommendations of the Herman Jordan Committee No. 1, August 10, 1927, Archives of Tufts University Library, Estate of World Peace Foundation, Catalogue #370.3 (00).
76.
WFEA
(1929) Official Programme of the World Federation of Education Associations Third Biennial Conference, Geneva25 July-4 August 1929, WFEA, Geneva, from Tufts University Archives of the World Peace Foundation, Catalog #370.3 (00).
77.
WFEA
(1939) Proceedings of the Meetings on Board the S.S. Rotterdam and at the University of Puerto Rico during the Goodwill Cruise to Latin and South America, July 7-August 28, 1939. Washington, DC: World Federation of Education Associations.
