The application of surface-piercing propeller (SPP) has been widely used in high-speed crafts due to possessing many favorable features. Due to the information gaps in the design of SPP, researchers have made great efforts to conduct hydrodynamic analysis of these propulsion systems. Despite the previous studies, there is still a considerable shortage in literature. In this article, a comprehensive review has been carried out on the experimental, theoretical, and experimental–theoretical studies in the field of SPP to introduce the strengths, limitations, and gaps in the previous research. The results of previous studies have also been presented in the form of benchmarking tables and statistical figures. Investigations have proved the inability of the numerical methods to simulate SPP. In recent years, the most precise methods of analyzing complex flows around SPP have been the computational fluid dynamics methods. The most suitable computational fluid dynamics method is the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes method. Moreover, despite the heavy costs of experiments, the experimental approach is still the most reliable way of understanding the flow phenomena, studying the time-dependent dynamic behavior of propellers, and determining the hydrodynamic coefficients of thrust and torque. It can also serve to develop the numerical methods for comparing the results and reducing the errors of semi-experimental equations. Therefore, one of the primary objectives of future studies will be the comprehensive experimental analysis of various propeller blade profiles considering the effect of the variations of the trailing edge angle and the effects of the parameters influencing SPP, especially the shaft inclination angle.
International shipping facts and figures—information resources on trade, safety, security, environment (IMO report, Maritime Knowledge). London: International Maritime Organization, 2012.
2.
OlofssonN. Force and flow characteristics of a partially submerged propeller. PhD Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 1996.
3.
GhassemiHGhiasiM. Hydrodynamic performance of semi-submerged propellers for racing boats. J Ship Res2011; 7: 16–31.
4.
ReynoldsO. On the effect of immersion on screw propellers. Trans Inst Naval Architect1874; 2: 78–80.
5.
ShibaH. Air-drawing of marine propellers (Report no. 9), August. Tokyo, Japan: Transportation Technical Research Institute, 1953.
6.
HadlerJBHeckerR. Performance of partially submerged propellers. In: Proceedings of the 7th ONR symposium on naval hydrodynamics, Rome, 25–30 August 1968. Office of Naval Research (ONR).
7.
ShieldsCE. Performance characteristics of several partially submerged supercavitating propellers (NSRDC Report 2723). Washington, DC: NSRDC, 1968.
8.
DobayGF. Unsteady blade force measurements on a skewed partially-submerged propeller (Technical Report 392-H-01). Annapolis, MD: David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center, 1970.
9.
HadlerJCrownDE. Performance characteristics of partially-submerged propeller with varying number of blades at low advance coefficients (Technical Report 249-H-12). Annapolis, MD: David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center, 1970.
10.
KruppaC. Testing of partially submerged propellers. In: Proceedings of the 13th international towing tank conference (Report of cavitation committee), Berlin/Hamburg, September 1972. ITTC.
11.
HeckerR. Experimental performance of a partially submerged propeller in inclined flow. In: Proceeding of the SNAME spring meeting, Lake Buena Vista, FL, 2–5October1973. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
12.
KruppaC. Propulsion devices for high-speed craft (Testing techniques). In: Proceedings of the 14th international towing tank conference (Report of cavitation committee), Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1975. ITTC.
13.
AlderRSMooreDH. Performance of an inclined shaft partially-submerged propeller operating over a range of shaft yaw angles (Report No SPD-802-01), 1977, https://trid.trb.org/view/69542
RainsD. Semi-submerged propellers for monohull displacement ships. In: Propeller’81 symposium, Virginia Beach, VA, May 1981, pp.15–40. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
16.
LiuSZhuH. An experimental study on the performance characteristics of partially submerged propeller. In: Proceedings of the international high performance vehicle conference, Shanghai, China, 2–5 November 1988. Chinese Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.
17.
RoseJCKruppaCFL. Methodical series model test results. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on fast sea transportation, Trondheim, 17–21 June 1991, pp.1129–1147. Trondheim: Tapir Publishers.
18.
KruppaCFL. Testing surface piercing propellers. In: Marine workshops on advance vessel station keeping, propulsor-hull interaction & nautical simulators, Wageningen, 11–14 May 1992. ITTC Report of Cayitation Cttee.
FerrandoMScamardellaA. Surface piercing propellers: testing methodologies, results analysis and comments on open water characteristics. In: Proceedings of small craft marine engineering resistance & propulsion symposium, Ypsilanti, MI, 15–17 May 1996. SNAME.
21.
NozawaKTakayamaN. Experimental study on propulsive performance of surface piercing propeller. J Kansai Soc Naval Arc2002; 237: 63–70.
22.
KotbMA. Re-analysis of surface piercing propellers performance data. Alexandria Eng J2005; 44: 535–544.
23.
FerrandoMVivianiMCrottiS, et al. Influence of Weber number on surface piercing propellers model tests scaling. In: Proceedings of 7th international conference on hydrodynamics (ICHD), Ischia, 2006, pp.4–6. Local Organizing Committee.
24.
PustoshnyAVBointsovVPLebedevEP, et al. Development of 5-blade surface-piercing propeller series for fast speed boat. In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Fast Sea, Shanghai, China, 23–27 September 2007, http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8f0670e9-5ea7-40d1-b7f7-6c797c463aff
25.
FerrandoMCrottiSVivianiM. Performance of family of surface piercing propellers. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on marine research and transportation (ICMRT’07), Ischia, 28–30 June 2007, pp.C63–C70, http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:2b6e716b-a7c8-4601-ae60-3b80186f5abf
LorioJM. Open water testing of a surface piercing propeller with varying submergence, yaw angle and inclination angle. MSc Thesis, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.
28.
AltamiranoL. Flow visualization of the ventilated cavities generated by a surface piercing propeller. Boca Raton, FL: Florida Atlantic University, 2010.
29.
KoushanKSpenceSSavioL. Ventilated propeller blade loadings and spindle moment of a thruster in calm water and waves. In: Proceedings of 2nd international symposium on marine propulsors, Hamburg, 15–17 June 2011.
30.
MisraRPGSCShaOPSuryanarayanaC, et al. Development of a four-bladed surface piercing propeller series. Naval Eng J2012; 124(4): 105–138.
31.
DysonPK. The modelling, testing and design, of a surface piercing propeller drive. PhD Thesis, Plymouth University, Plymouth, 2000.
KudoTUkonY. Calculation of supercavitating propeller performance using a vortex-lattice method. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on cavitation, Tokyo, Japan, 5–7 April 1994, pp.403–408. Science Council of Japan.
37.
KudoTKinnasSA. Application of unsteady vortex/source lattice method on supercavitating propellers. In: Proceedings of the 24th American towing tank conference, College Station, TX, 2–3 November 1995, pp.33–42. College Station, TX: The Offshore Technology Research Center.
38.
YimB. An application of linearized theory to water entry and water exit problems: part I (with gravity effect) (Report 3171). Washington, DC: NSRDC, 1969.
39.
YimB. An application of linearized theory to water entry and water exit problem: part 2 (with ventilation) (Report 3171). Washington, DC: NSRDC, 1969.
40.
YimB. Linear theory on water entry and exit problems of a ventilating thin wedge. J Ship Res1974; 18: 1–11.
41.
WangD. Water entry and exit of a fully ventilated foil. J Ship Res1977; 21: 44–68.
42.
WangD. Oblique water entry and exit of a fully ventilated foil. J Ship Res1979; 23: 43–54.
SavineauC. A time marching boundary element method for the prediction of the flow around surface piercing hydrofoils. MSc Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1996.
47.
YoungYLKinnasSA. Numerical modeling of supercavitating and surface-piercing propeller flows. In: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on cavitation, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 20–23 June 2001, https://resolver.caltech.edu/CAV2001:sessionB9.006
48.
YoungYLKinnasSA. Numerical analysis of surface-piercing propellers. In: Propeller and shaft symposium, Virginia Beach, VA, 2003. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
49.
YoungYLKinnasSA. Analysis of supercavitating and surface-piercing propeller flows via BEM. Comput Mech2003; 32: 269–280.
GhassemiH. Hydrodynamic characteristics of the surface-piercing propellers for the planing craft. J Mar Sci Appl2009; 8: 267–274.
52.
YoungYLSavanderBR. Transient hydroelastic analysis of surface-piercing propeller. In: Proceedings of the seventh international symposium on cavitation, Ann Arbor, MI, 17–22 August 2009, CAV2009 paper No. 73. New York: ASME.
53.
VinayanVKinnasSA. A numerical nonlinear analysis of two-dimensional ventilating entry of surface-piercing hydrofoils with effects of gravity. J Fluid Mech2010; 658: 383–408.
YoungYLBrizzolaraS. Numerical and physical investigation of a surface-piercing hydrofoil. In: Proceedings of the third international symposium on marine propulsors, Launceston, TAS, Australia, 5–8 May 2013, http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:76f4fbd6-e6a2-4d43-b9e1-270cfed1394c
56.
YariEGhassemiH. Hydrodynamic analysis of the surface-piercing propeller in unsteady open water condition using boundary element method. Int J Nav Arch Ocean2016; 8: 22–37.
57.
CaponnettoM. RANSE simulations of surface piercing propellers. In: Proceedings of the 6th numerical towing tank symposium (Nutts), 2003. Numerical Towing Tank Symposium.
58.
KozlowskaAWöcknerKSteenS, et al. Numerical and experimental study of propeller ventilation. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on marine propulsors, Hamburg, 15–17 June 2011. SMP.
59.
HimeiK. Numerical analysis of unsteady open water characteristics of surface piercing propeller. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on marine propulsors, Launceston, Australia, TAS, 5–8 May 2013, http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:76f4fbd6-e6a2-4d43-b9e1-270cfed1394c
60.
ShiXYZhangLXShaoXM. Numerical study of the hydrodynamic performances of surface piercing propeller. J Mech & Electric Eng2014; 31(8): 985–990.
61.
AlimirzazadehSRoshanSZSeifMS. Unsteady RANS simulation of a surface piercing propeller in oblique flow. Appl Ocean Res2016; 56: 79–91.
62.
YariEGhassemiH. Numerical analysis of surface piercing propeller in unsteady condition and cupped effect on ventilation pattern of blade cross-section. J Mar Sci Tech2016; 21: 501–516.
63.
YariEGhassemiH. Numerical study of surface tension effect on the hydrodynamic modeling of the partially submerged propeller’s blade section. J Mech2016; 32(5): 653–664.
64.
JavanmardiNGhadimiP. Hydroelastic analysis of semi-submerged propeller using simultaneous solution of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and linear elasticity equations. Proc IMechE, Part M: J Engineering for the Maritime Environment2016; 232: 199–211.
65.
ParkerJR.Design and numerical analysis of an unconventional surface-piercing propeller for improved performance at low and high speeds. Master’s Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2017.
66.
MontazeriNGhassemiH. Determination of hydrodynamic coefficients of the surface-piercing propeller by regression method. In: Proceedings of the 6th annual conference of design principles and applications of high-speed craft, Chaloos, Iran, 2009 (in Persian). Iranian Association of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.
