Arterial stiffness has been used to demonstrate vasculopathy in adults with diabetes but studies on arterial stiffness in offspring of diabetic patients are scarce, and no study has been reported in the offspring of parents with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). In this study arterial stiffness in normoglycaemic offspring (n=30) of parents with type 2 diabetes, normoglycaemic offspring (n =30) of IGT parents and 30 age and sex-matched normoglycaemic offspring of normoglycaemic parents was investigated. Arterial stiffness was assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI) using SphygmoCor. Significantly higher PWV was noted in offspring of type 2 diabetes than in offspring of normoglycaemic parents (6.94±0.9 vs. 6.33±0.7 m/s, p= 0.010). Offspring of type 2 diabetes parents also demonstrated significantly higher PWV than IGT offspring (6.94±0.9 vs. 6.43±1.1, p=0.021). Significantly higher AI was observed in offspring of type 2 diabetes and IGT parents than progeny of normoglycaemic parents (105.62±14.2 vs. 96.42±7.7, p=0.001; 104.98±11.1 vs. 96.42±7.7%, p=0.004, espectively). The study demonstrated that normoglycaemic offspring of newly diagnosed, never treated type 2 diabetes and IGT parents had increased arterial stiffness. Such increases in arterial stiffness revealed early manifestations of preclinical vasculopathy and potentially increased risk for development of macrovascular diseases in the normoglycaemic offspring.Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2009;9: 65—68.
Woodman RJ, Watts GFMeasurement and application of arterial stiffness in clinical research: focus on new methodologies and diabetes mellitus. Med Sci Monit2003;9:RA101-10.
2.
Meaume S., Rudnichi A., Lynch A. et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity as a marker of cardiovascular disease in subjects over 70 years old. J Hypertens2001;19:871-77.
3.
Hopkins KD, Lehmann ED, Gosling RGAortic compliance measurements: a non-invasive indicator of atherosclerosis?Lancet1994; 343:1447.
4.
Wang X., Keith JC, Struthers AD, Feuerstein GZAssessment of arterial stiffness, a translational medicine biomarker system for evaluation of vascular risk. Cardiovasc Ther2008;26:214-23.
5.
Haffner SM, Lehto S., RÖnnemaa T. et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med1998; 339:229-34.
6.
Stamler J., Vaccaro O., Neaton JD, Wentworth D.Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Diabetes Care1993;16:434-44.
7.
Nicolaides E. , Jones CJH.Type 2 diabetes: implications for macrovascular mechanics and disease. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis2002;2:9-12.
8.
Tominaga M., Eguchi H., Manaka H. et al. Impaired Glucose Tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care1999;22:920-4.
9.
Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose G. et al. Coronary heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance. The Whitehall Study. Lancet1980;1:1373-6.
10.
Jarrett RJ, McCartney P., Keen H.The Bedford Survey: ten year mortality rates in newly diagnosed diabetics, borderline diabetics and normoglycaemic controls and risk indices for coronary heart disease in borderline diabetics. Diabetologia1982;22:79-84.
11.
The DECODE Study Group on behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group.Is the current definition for diabetes relevant to mortality risk from all causes and cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases?Diabetes Care2003;26:688-96.
12.
Pierce M., Keen H., Bradley C.Risk of diabetes in offspring of parents with non-insulin-dependent diabetes . Diabet Med1995;12:6-13.
13.
Klein BEK , Klein R., Moss SE, Cruikshanks KJParental history of diabetes in a population-based study. Diabetes Care1996;19:827-30.
14.
Mitchell BD , Valdez R., Hazuda HP et al. Differences in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance according to maternal or paternal history of diabetes. Diabetes Care1993;16:1262-7.
15.
Adamson AJ, Foster E., Butler E. et al. Non-diabetic relatives of Type 2 diabetic families: dietary intake contributes to the increased risk of diabetes. Diabet Med2001;18:984-90.
16.
Nurnberger J., Dammer S., Opazo SA et al. Diastolic blood pressure is an important determinant of augmentation index and pulse wave velocity in young, healthy males. J Hum Hypertens2003;17:153-8.
17.
Mahmud A., Feely J.Effect of smoking on arterial stiffness and pulse pressure amplification . Hypertension2003;41:183-7.
18.
van Trijp MJCA , Bos WJW, Uiterwaal CSPM et al. Determinants of augmentation index in young men: The ARYA study. Eur J Clin Invest2004;34:825-30.
19.
van Trijp MJCA , Uiterwaal CSPM, Bos WJW et al. Noninvasive arterial measurements of vascular damage in healthy young adults: Relation to coronary heart disease risk. Ann Epidemiol2006;16:71-7.
20.
Hopkins KD, Lehmann ED, Jones RL et al. A family history of NIDDM is associated with decreased aortic distensibility in normal healthy young adult subjects. Diabetes Care1996;19:501-3.
21.
Riley WA, Freedman DS, Higgs NADecreased arterial elasticity associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in the young. Bogalusa Heart Study. Arteriosclerosis1986;6:378-86.
22.
McEleavy OD , McCallum RW, Petrie JR et al. Higher carotid-radial pulse wave velocity in healthy offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes . Diabet Med2004;21:262-6.
23.
Rahman S., Ismail AA, Ismail SB et al. Effect of rosiglitazone and ramipril on preclinical vasculopathy in newly diagnosed, untreated diabetes and IGT patients: 1-year randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol2007;63:733-41.
24.
Rahman S., Ismail AA, Ismail SB et al. Early manifestation of macrovasculopathy in newly diagnosed never treated type II diabetic patients with no traditional CVD risk factors . Diabetes Res Clin Pract2008;80:253-8.
25.
World Health Organization.WHO Consultation Report: Definition, Diagnosis and classification of Diabetic Mellitus and its complications. Geneva: WHO, 1999.
