Fifty years of established diabetic nephropathy — a personal perspective

Keen H. A diabetes overview - occasion for Jubilee? Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2002;2:419-22.

Tattersall R. The dark ages of diabetes. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2002;2: 423-6.

Rees JR , Cameron JS , Johnson AM Hepatic retrojection. A technique for investigating the local action of substances on the human liver. Lancet 1961;ii:804-6 see also Cameron JS , Rees JR The effect of small doses of insulin and glucagon on the human liver. Clin Sci 1964;27:67-76.

Garratt JS , Cameron JS , Menzinger G. The binding of 131I insulin to tissue. Biochem Biophys Acta 1965;115:179-82.

Keen H. , Chlouverakis C. An immunoassay method for urinary albumin at low concentrations. Lancet 1963;ii:913-14. See also Keen H. , Chlouverakis C. Urinary albumin excretion and diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1964;ii:1155-6. These papers are never quoted today, but the word `microalbuminuria` was included in nearly 3,000 papers from 1981 to 2002.

Chazan BI , Rees SB , Balodimos MC , Younger D. , Ferguson BD Dialysis in diabetics: a review of 44 patients. JAMA 1969;209:2026-30.

Cameron JS Renal disease and diabetes: introduction. Postgrad Med J 1968;45(supp l):463-5.

sterby Hansen R. A quantitative estimate of the peripheral glomerular basement membrane in recent juvenile diabetes. Diabetologia 1965;1:97-100. See also sterby R. Early phases in the development of diabetic glomerulopathy. A quantitative electron microscopic study. Acta Med Scand 1974;suppl 574:3-82.

Viberti GC , Hill RD , Argyropoulos A. , Mahmud U. , Keen H. Microalbuminuria as a predictor of clinical nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetics. Lancet 1982:i:1430-2. Mogensen showed the same was true for type II diabetics two years later (N Engl J Med 1984;310:356-60).

Cameron JS History of the Treatment of Renal Failure by Dialysis. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002, Chapter 20.

Avram MM Diabetic nephropathy: an experience from first reported treatment to the 1980s . Diabetic Nephropathy 1982;1:14-6. (the original report is now almost unobtainable: Proceedings of the Conference on Dialysis as a `Practical Workshop` . National Union Catalogue, New York, April-June 1966. pp 15-16).

Abella R. , Bondeel N. , Roguska J. , Walker C. , Simon NM , del Greco F. Periodic dialysis in terminal uremia. JAMA 1967;199:362-8.

Hume DM , Lee MM , Williams GM et al. Comparative results of cadaver and related donor renal homografts in man and immunologic implications of the outcome of second and paired transplants . Ann Surg 1966; 164:352-97.

Kelly WD , Lillehei RC , Merkel FK , Idezuki Y. , Cock FC Allotransplantation of the pancreas and duodenum along with the kidney in diabetic nephropathy. Surgery 1967;61:827-37.

Ritz E. , Rylchlík I. Nephropathy in type II Diabetes. Oxford University Press , London, 1999, preface and passim.

Åge Chr Thomsen. The Kidney in Diabetes Mellitus. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1965:16-22.

Brun C. , Gormsen H. , Hilden T. , Iversen P. , Raaschou F. : Diabetic nephropathy. Kidney biopsy and renal function tests. Am J Med 1953;15:187-97; Taft HP , Finkh ES , Joske RA : A biopsy study of the kidney in diabetes mellitus. Australasian Ann Med 1954;3:189-201; Darnaud C. , Denard Y. , Moreau G. , Suc JM : La ponction du rein chez les diabetiques . Sem Hôp Paris 1956;32:407-17; Gellman DD , Pirani CC , Soothill JF , Mehrcke RC , Kark RM Medicine (Baltimore ) 1959;38:321-67.

Joslin EP , Root HF , White P. , Marble A. Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1959:225.

Marble A. Diabetic nephropathy. In Strauss MB , Welt LG (eds) Diseases of the kidney. London: Churchill, 1963:620-32.

Comty C. , Shapiro FL Management and prognosis of diabetic patients treated by chronic hemodialysis . Abstracts, American Society of Nephrology 1971;5:15; Shapiro F. , Leonard A. , Comty C. Mortality, morbidity and rehabilitation in regularly dialyzed patients with diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 1974;6(suppl 1):S8-S14.

Ghavamian M. , Gutch CF , Kopp KF , Kolff WJ The sad truth about hemodialyis in diabetic nephropathy. JAMA 1972;222:1386-9.

Cameron JS , Ireland JT , Watkins PJ The kidney and urinary tract. In: Keen H , Jarret J. Complications of diabetes. London: Edward Arnold , 1975: 99-150.

White N. , Snowden SA , Parsons V. , Sheldon J. , Bewick M. The management of terminal renal failure in diabetic patients by regular dialysis therapy. Nephron 1973;11:261-75. see also: Grenfell A. , Bewick M. , Snowden S. , Watkins PJ , Parsons V. Renal replacement for diabetic patients: experience at King's College hospital 1980-89. Q J Med 1992;85:861-74.

Shideman JR , Buselmeier TJ , Kjellstrand CM Hemodialysis in diabetics. Complications in diabetics awaiting transplantation. Arch Intern Med 1976;136:1126-30.

Knowles HC Magnitude of the renal failure problem in diabetic patients. Kidney Int 1974;6(suppl 1):S2-S7. Palumbo PJ , Elvebaak LR , Chu CP , Conolly DC , Kurland LT Diabetes mellitus: incidence survivorship and causes of death in Rochester, Minnesota 1945-1970 . Diabetes Care 1976;25:566-73.

Friedman E , L'Esperance FA (eds) Diabetic Renal-retinal Syndrome. Grune & Stratton, New York. 1980.

Keen H , Legrain M (eds) Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy . MTP publications, Lancaster 1983.

Buselmeier TJ , Najarian JS , Simmons RL et al. A-V fistulas and the diabetic: ischemia and gangrene may result in amputation. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1973;19:49-52.

Crossley K. , Kjellstrand CM Intraperitoneal insulin for control of blood sugar in diabetic patients during peritoneal dialysis. BMJ 1971;i:269-70.

Blumenkrantz MJ , Shapiro DJ , Minura N. et al. Maintenance of peritoneal dialysis as an alternative in the patient with diabetes mellitus and end-stage uremia . Kidney Int 1974;6(suppl 1):S108-14; see also Blumenkrantz MJ , Kamdar A. , Coburn JW Peritoneal dialysis for diabetic patients with end-stage nephropathy. Dialysis Transpl 1977;6:81-2.

Mion C. , Slingeneyer A. , Salem JL , Oulès R. , Mirouze J. Home peritoneal dialysis in end-stage diabetic nephropathy. J Dialysis 1978;2:426-7.

Mitchell JC , Frohnert PP , Kurtz SB , Anderson CF Chronic peritoneal dialysis in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus: a comparison with hemodialysis . Mayo Clin Proc 1978;53:775-81.

Flynn CT , Nanson JA Intraperitoneal insulin in CAPD - an artificial pancreas. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1979;25:114-17.

Legrain M. , Rottembourg J. , Bentchikou A. et al. Dialysis treatment of insulin-dependent diabetic patients: ten years experience. Clin Nephrol 1984;21:72-81.

Flynn CT , Shadur CA A comparison of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1981 ;1:15-23.

Amair P. , Khanna R. , Leibel B. et al. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in diabetics with end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 1982 ;306: 625-30.

Rottembourg J. , de Groc F. , Pignet JL , Legrain M. Is continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis the best choice for insulin dependent diabetics? Proc Europ Dial Transpl Ass 1982;19:215-26.

Brunner FP , Brynger H. , Challah S. et al. Registry report. Renal replacement therapy in patients with diabetic nephropathy, 1980-1985. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1988;3:585-95.

Panzram G. , Pissarek D. Epidemiologie des Diabetes mellitus. Ztschr Artz Fort 1972;66:103-07.

Hasslacher C. , Ritz E. , Wahl P. , Michael C. Similar risks of nephropathy in patients with type 1 or NIDDM diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:859-63.

Humphrey LL , Ballard DJ , Fohnert PP , Chu CP , O'Fallon WM , Palumbo PJ Chronic renal failure in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:788-96.

Catalano C. , Cuzzola F. , Enia G. , Postorino M. , Maggiore Q. Diabetes and renal failure: a southern Italian perspective. J Diabet Compl 1989;3:124-6.

Annual USRDS data (published also as supplements to Am J Kidney Dis annually).

Cameron JS The management of diabetic renal failure in the United Kingdom. Diabetic Nephropathy 1983;2:1-2.

Cameron JS , Challah SB Treatment of end-stage renal failure due to diabetes in the United Kingdom 1975-1984 Lancet 1986;ii:962-6; see also Anon. (editorial) Provision of renal replacement therapy for diabetic patients in the UK. Lancet 1986;ii:21-2.

Lippert J. , Ritz E. , Schgwartzbeck A. , Schneider P. The rising tide of end-stage renal failure from diabetic nephropathy type II - an epidemiological analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995;10:462-7.

Bingley PJ , Gale EAM. Rising incidence of IDDM in Europe. Diabetes Care 1989;12:289-95.

Williams R. , Papoz L. , Fuller J. Diabetes in Europe. John Libbey, London 1994 pp 21-38.

The situation of uraemic diabetics in the United Kingdom was described in Cameron (1983)44 and Cameron and Challah (1986)45. Partly as a result of these papers, a joint working party of the College of Physicians the UK Renal Association and the British Diabetic Association (of which I, Harry Keen, Peter Watkins, and GianCarlo Viberti were members) produced an audit in 1986 (Renal failure in diabetics in the UK: deficient provision of care in 1985. Diabetic Med 1988;5:79-84) which demonstrated substantial under-treatment, and a subsequent paper from the same team (Treatment and mortality of diabetic renal failure patients identified in the 1985 UK survey. BMJ 1989;299:1135-6) that lack of treatment resulted in unnecessary deaths. By the 1990s this gap was at last being plugged, and now (1999 UK Renal Registry) almost 1000 uraemic diabetics are treated each year in the UK (15/million total population). Diabetes is now second only to `diagnosis uncertain` as a cause of renal failure, accounting for 16% of the total intake, ahead of glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney etc.

Kjellstrand CM , Simmons RL , Goetz FC et al. Renal transplantation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1973;ii:4-8; for a later follow-up and assessment see Najarian JS , Kaufman DB , Fryd DS et al. Long-term survival following kidney transplantation in 100 type I diabetic patients . Transplantation 1989 ;47:106-13.

Jacobson SH , Fryd D. , Lins LE , Matson M. , Sutherland DE , Kjellstrand CM Transplantation, hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for end-stage renal disease in diabetic patients . J Diabet Compl 1988;2:150-7.

Ryan EA Pancreas transplants: for whom? Lancet 1998 ;351:1072-3 see also Curr Opin Org Transpl 1998;3:231-74 - several authors.

Shapiro AMJ , Lakey JRT , Ryan EA et al. Islet cell transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticosteroid free immunosuppressive regimen. N Engl J Med 2000;343:230-8.

Mogensen CE Long-term antihypertensive treatment inhibiting progression of diabetic nephropathy. BMJ 1982 ;285:685-8.

Parving H-H. , Andersen AR , Smidt UM , Svendsen PA Early aggressive antihypertensive treatment reduces rate of decline in kidney function in diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1983;i:1175-8. See also: Parving H-H. , Andersen AR , Smidt UM , Hommel E. , Mathiesen ER , Svendsen PA Effect of antihypertensive treatment on kidney function in diabetic nephropathy . BMJ 1987 ;294:1443-7. These papers contain two of the most frequently-reproduced figures in the study of diabetes: 1983 Fig. 1, 1987 Fig. 1. The first long-term human use of ACE inhibitors was reported by Michel Marre and colleagues in Paris (BMJ 294;1448-51), in a companion article to the second of these.

The Kroc collaborative study group. Blood glucose control and the evolution of retinopathy and albuminuria . N Engl J Med 1984;311:365-72.

Kofoed-Enevoldsen A. , Borch-Johnsen K. , Kreiner S. , Nerup J. , Deckert T. Declining incidence of persistent proteinuria in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetics. Diabetes 1987;36:205-09. See also: Krolewski AS , Warram JH , Chriestleib AR , Busick EJ , Kathan CR The changing natural history of nephropathy in type I diabetes. Am J Med 1985;78:785-94.

Diabetes control and complications trial. Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Kidney Int 1995;47:1703-20.

United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1998;352:837-53.

Lewis EJ , Hunsicker LG , Bain RP , Rohde RD for the collaborative study group. The effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy . N Engl J Med 1993;329:1456-62.

Lewis EJ , Hunsicker LG , Clarke WR et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:851-60; Brenner BM , Cooper ME , de Zeeuw D. et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001;345:861-9; Parving H-H. , Lehnert H. , Bröchner-Mortensen J. et al. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:870-8.

Phillips AO Diabetic nephropathy - where next? Q J Med 2000;93:643-6.

Gaede P. , Vedel P. , Parving H-E. , Pedersen O. Intensified multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: the Steno type 2 randomised study. Lancet 1999;353:617-22.

Marsh J. , Andrews P. Management of the diabetic patients approaching end-stage renal failure . Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2002;2:121-6. see also Burton CJ , Feest TJ Does referral to a renal clinic slow the progress of diabetic nephropathy? An audit of 100 consecutive referrals. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:A108; Feest TG , Dunn EJ , Burton CJ Can intensive treatment alter the progress of established diabetic nephropathy and end-stage renal failure? Q J Med 1999;92:275-82; Joss N. , Paterson KR , Deighan CJ , Simpson K. , Boulton-Jones JM Diabetic nephropathy: how effective is treatment in clinical practice? Q J Med 2002;95:41-9.

Gaede P. , Vedel P. , Larsen N. et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003;348: 383-93.

Nicholls A. The impact of type 2 diabetes on renal failure programmes. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2002;2:117-20.

Tuomilehto J. , Lindstrom J. , Eriksson JG et al. for the Finnish diabetes prevention study group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;333:2343-50.

Diabetes prevention program research group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002 ;348:393-403.

Pinkney J. Prevention and cure of type 2 diabetes. BMJ 2002;325:232-3.