ICRU REPORT 96,Dosimetry-Guided Radiopharmaceutical Therapy

AAPM (2012). The Selection, Use, Calibration, and Quality Assurance of Radionuclide Calibrators Used in Nuclear Medicine, AAPM Report No. 181 (American Association of Physicists in Medicine, College Park, MD, 46).

Aarsvold J.N. Wernick M.N. (2004). Emission Tomography: The Fundamentals of PET and SPECT (Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA).

Abbas N. Heyerdahl H. Bruland O.S. Brevik E.M. Dahle J. (2013). “Comparing high LET ²²⁷Th-and low LET ¹⁷⁷Lu-trastuzumab in mice with HER-2 positive SKBR-3 xenografts,” Curr. Radiopharm. 6, 78–86.

Aboian M.S. Huang S.Y. Hernandez-Pampaloni M. , et al. (2021). “¹²⁴I-MIBG PET/CT to monitor metastatic disease in children with relapsed neuroblastoma,” J. Nucl. Med. 62, 43–47, doi:10.2967/jnumed.120.243139.

Agrelo R. Cheng W.H. Setien F. , et al. (2006). “Epigenetic inactivation of the premature aging Werner syndrome gene in human cancer,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 8822–8827. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600645103.

Ahn S.H. Yeo A.U. Kim K.H. , et al. (2019). “Comparative clinical evaluation of atlas and deep-learning-based auto-segmentation of organ structures in liver cancer,” Radiat. Oncol. 14, 213. doi:10.1186/s13014-019-1392-z.

AJCC (2017) American Joint Committee on Cancer: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th ed. (Springer, Chicago, IL).

Akabani G. Poston J.W. Sr . (1991). “Absorbed dose calculations to blood and blood vessels for internally deposited radio-nuclides,” J. Nucl. Med. 32, 830–834.

Akabani G. Hawkins W.G. Eckblade M.B. Leichner P.K. (1997). “Patient-specific dosimetry using quantitative SPECT imaging and three-dimensional discrete Fourier transform convolution,” J. Nucl. Med. 38, 308–314.

Akabani G. Zalutsky M.R. (1997). “Microdosimetry of astatine-211 using histological images: Application to bone marrow,” Radiat. Res. 148, 599–607.

Akaike H. (1974). “A new look at the statistical model identification,” IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr. 19, 716–723.

Akudugu J.M. Howell R.W. (2012). “A method to predict response of cell populations to cocktails of chemotherapeutics and radiopharmaceuticals: Validation with daunomycin, doxorubicin, and the alpha particle emitter ²¹⁰Po,” Nucl. Med. Biol. 39, 954–961. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.01.011.

Allen B.J. So T. Rizvi S.M.A. , et al. (2009). “Mutagenesis induced by targeted alpha therapy using ²¹³Bi-cDTPA-9.2. 27 in lacZ transgenic mice,” Cancer. Biol. Ther. 8, 777–781.

Allison J. Amako K. Apostolakis J. , et al. (2016). “Recent developments in Geant4,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A. 835, 186–225. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.125.

Amato E. Minutoli F. Pacilio M. Campenni A. Baldari S. (2012). “An analytical method for computing voxel S values for electrons and photons,” Med. Phys. 39, 6808–6817. doi:10.1118/1.4757912.

Ambrosini V. Fani M. Fanti S. Forrer F. Maecke H.R. (2011). “Radiopeptide imaging and therapy in Europe,” J. Nucl. Med. 52, suppl 2, 42S–55S. doi:10.2967/jnumed.110.085753.

Amro H. Wilderman S.J. Dewaraja Y.K. Roberson P.L. (2010). “Methodology to incorporate biologically effective dose and equivalent uniform dose in patient-specific 3-dimensional dosimetry for non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients targeted with ¹³¹I-tositumomab therapy,” J. Nucl. Med. 51, 654–659. doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.067298.

Anderson J.A. Harper J.V. Cucinotta F.A. O’Neill P. (2010). “Participation of DNA-PKcs in DSB repair after exposure to high- and low-LET radiation,” Radiat. Res. 174, 195–205. doi:10.1667/rr2071.1.

Anderson P. Nunez R. (2007). “Samarium lexidronam (¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP): Skeletal radiation for osteoblastic bone metastases and osteosarcoma,” Expert Rev. Anticancer. Ther. 7, 1517–1527. doi:10.1586/14737140.7.11.1517.

Anderson P.M. Wiseman G.A. Dispenzieri A. , et al. (2002). “High-dose samarium-153 ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate: Low toxicity of skeletal irradiation in patients with osteosarcoma and bone metastases,” J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 189–196.

Anderson P.M. Wiseman G.A. Erlandson L. , et al. (2005). “Gemcitabine radiosensitization after high-dose samarium for osteoblastic osteosarcoma,” Clin. Cancer. Res. 11, 6895–6900. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0628.

Andersson M. Johansson L. Eckerman K. Mattsson S. (2017). “IDAC-Dose 2.1, an internal dosimetry program for diagnostic nuclear medicine based on the ICRP adult reference voxel phantoms,” EJNMMI. Res. 7, 88. doi:10.1186/s13550017-0339-3.

Andreo P. (1991). “Monte Carlo techniques in medical radiation physics,” Phys. Med. Biol. 36, 861–920. doi:10.1088/00319155/36/7/001.

Andrieu J.-M. Ifrah N. Payen C. , et al. (1990). “Increased risk of secondary acute nonlymphocytic leukemia after extended-field radiation therapy combined with MOPP chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease,” J. Clin. Oncol. 8, 1148–1154.

Anizan N. Wang H. Zhou X.C. , et al. (2014). “Factors affecting the stability and repeatability of gamma camera calibration for quantitative imaging applications based on a retrospective review of clinical data,” EJNMMI. Res. 4, 1–11. doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0067-x.

Antipas V. Dale R.G. Coles I.P. (2001). “A theoretical investigation into the role of tumour radiosensitivity, clonogen repopulation, tumour shrinkage and radionuclide RBE in permanent brachytherapy implants of ¹²⁵I and ¹⁰³Pd,” Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 2557–2569. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/46/10/304.

Attix F.H. (1986). Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry (John Wiley & Sons, New York).

Autsavapromporn N. De Toledo S.M. Buonanno M. , et al. (2011). “Intercellular communication amplifies stressful effects in high-charge, high-energy (HZE) particle-irradiated human cells,” J. Radiat. Res. 52, 408–414. doi:10.1269/jrr.10114.

Azure M.T. Sastry K.S.R. Archer R.D. Howell R.W. Rao D.V. (1992). “Microscale synthesis of carboplatin labeled with the Auger emitter Pt-193m: Radiotoxicity versus chemotoxicity of the antitumor drug in mammalian cells,” pp. 336–351 in Biophysical Aspects of Auger Processes, Howell R.W. Narra V.R. Sastry K.S.R. Rao D.V. , Eds. (American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, New York), https://www.aapm.org/pubs/books/PROC_8.pdf.

Azure M.T. Archer R.D. Sastry K.S.R. Rao D.V. Howell R.W. (1994). “Biologic effect of ²¹²Pb localized in the nucleus of mammalian cells: Role of recoil energy in the radiotoxicity of internal alpha emitters,” Radiat. Res. 140, 276–283.

Azzam E.I. de Toledo S.M. Gooding T. Little J.B. (1998). “Intercellular communication is involved in the bystander regulation of gene expression in human cells exposed to very low fluences of alpha particles,” Radiat. Res 150, 497–504.

Azzam E.I. Jay-Gerin J.P. Pain D. (2012). “Ionizing radiation-induced metabolic oxidative stress and prolonged cell injury.” Cancer. Lett. 327, 48–60. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.012.

Bäck T. Andersson H. Divgi C.R. , et al. (2005). “At-211 radioimmunotherapy of subcutaneous human ovarian cancer xenografts: Evaluation of relative biologic effectiveness of an alpha-emitter in vivo,” J. Nucl. Med. 46, 2061–2067.

Back T. Jacobsson L. (2010). “The alpha-camera: A quantitative digital autoradiography technique using a charge-coupled device for ex vivo high-resolution bioimaging of alpha-particles.” J. Nucl. Med. 51, 1616–1623. doi:10.2967/jnumed.110.077578.

Baechler S. Hobbs R.F. Prideaux A.R. Wahl R.L. Sgouros G. (2008). “Extension of the biological effective dose to the MIRD schema and possible implications in radionuclide therapy dosimetry,” Med. Phys. 35, 1123–1134.

Baechler S. Hobbs R.F. Jacene H.A. , et al. (2010). “Predicting hematologic toxicity in patients undergoing radioimmunotherapy with ⁹⁰Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan or ¹³¹I-tositumomab,” J. Nucl. Med. 51, 1878–1884. doi:10.2967/jnumed.110.079947.

Baechler S. Hobbs R.F. Boubaker A. , et al. (2012). “Threedimensional radiobiological dosimetry of kidneys for treatment planning in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy,” Med. Phys. 39, 6118–6128. doi:10.1118/1.4752213.

Balagurumoorthy P. Xu X. Wang K. Adelstein S.J. Kassis A.I. (2012). “Effect of distance between decaying ¹²⁵I and DNA on Auger-electron induced double-strand break yield,” Int. J. Radiat Biol. 88, 998–1008. doi:10.3109/09553002.2012.706360.

Ballangrud A.M. Yang W.H. Charlton D.E. , et al. (2001). “Response of LNCaP spheroids after treatment with an alpha-particle emitter ²¹³Bi-labeled anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen antibody (J591),” Cancer. Res. 61, 2008–2014.

Ballangrud A.M. Yang W.H. Palm S. , et al. (2004). “Alphaparticle emitting atomic generator (Actinium-225)-labeled trastuzumab (herceptin) targeting of breast cancer spheroids: Efficacy versus HER2/neu expression,” Clin. Cancer. Res. 10, 4489–4497. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0800.

Bardiès M. Myers M.J. (1996). “Computational methods in radionuclide dosimetry,” Phys. Med. Biol. 41, 1941–1955. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/41/10/007.

Bardiès M. Kwok C. Sgouros G. (2002). “Dose point-kernels for radionuclide dosimetry,” pp. 158-174 in Therapeutic Applications of Monte Carlo Calculations in Nuclear Medicine, Zaidi H. Sgouros G. , Eds. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL).

Barendsen G.W. Beusker T.L.J. (1960). “Effects of Different Ionizing Radiations on Human Cells in Tissue Culture.1. Irradiation Techniques and Dosimetry,” Radiat. Res. 13, 832–840.

Barendsen G.W. Beusker T.L.J. Vergroesen A.J. Budke L. (1960). “Effect of different ionizing radiations on human cells in tissue culture. 2. Biological experiments,” Radiat. Res. 13, 841–849.

Barendsen G.W. (1964). “Modification of radiation damage by fractionation of the dose, anoxia, and chemical protectors in relation to let,” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 114, 96–114.

Barendsen G.W. (1982). “Dose fractionation, dose rate and isoeffect relationships for normal tissue responses,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 8, 1981–1997.

Baró J. Sempau J. Fernández-Varea J.M. Salvat F. (1995). “PENELOPE: An algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of the penetration and energy loss of electrons and positrons in matter,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A. 100, 31–46. doi:10.1016/0168-583X(95)00349-5.

Barone R. Borson-Chazot F. Valkema R. , et al. (2005). “Patient-specific dosimetry in predicting renal toxicity with ⁹⁰Y-DOTATOC: Relevance of kidney volume and dose rate in finding a dose-effect relationship,” J. Nucl. Med. 46 Suppl 1, 99S–106S.

Bartkova J. Tommiska J. Oplustilova L. , et al. (2008). “Aberrations of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 DNA damage sensor complex in human breast cancer: MRE11 as a candidate familial cancer-predisposing gene,” Mol. Oncol. 2, 296–316. doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2008.09.007.

Batey M.A. Zhao Y. Kyle S. , et al. (2013). “Preclinical evaluation of a novel ATM inhibitor, KU59403, in vitro and in vivo in p53 functional and dysfunctional models of human cancer.” Mol. Cancer Ther. 12, 959–967. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0707.

Baxter L.T. Jain R.K. (1989). “Transport of fluid and macromolecules in tumors. I. Role of interstitial pressure and convection.” Microvasc. Res. 37, 77–104.

Beattie B.J. Pentlow K.S. O’Donoghue J. Humm J.L. (2014). “A recommendation for revised dose calibrator measurement procedures for Zr-89 and I-124.” PLoS ONE 9, e0106868. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106868.

Beekman F.J. de Jong H. van Geloven S. (2002). “Efficient fully 3-D iterative SPECT reconstruction with Monte Carlo-based scatter compensation,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging. 21, 867–877. doi:10.1109/tmi.2002.803130.

Behr T.M. Memtsoudis S. Sharkey R.M. , et al. (1998a). “Experimental studies on the role of antibody fragments in cancer radio-immunotherapy: Influence of radiation dose and dose rate on toxicity and anti-tumor efficacy,” Int. J. Cancer. 77, 787–795.

Behr T.M. Sgouros G. Vougiokas V. , et al. (1998b). “Therapeutic efficacy and dose-limiting toxicity of Auger-electron vs. beta emitters in radioimmunotherapy with internalizing antibodies: Evaluation of ¹²⁵I- vs. ¹³¹I-labeled CO17-1A in a human colorectal cancer model,” Int. J. Cancer. 76, 738–748.

Behr T.M. Behe M. Stabin M.G. , et al. (1999a). “High-linear energy transfer (LET) alpha versus low-LET beta emitters in radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors: Therapeutic efficacy and dose- limiting toxicity of²¹³Bi- versus ⁹⁰Y-labeled CO17-1A Fab’ fragments in a human colonic cancer model,” Cancer Res. 59, 2635–2643.

Behr T.M. Sgouros G. Stabin M.G. , et al. (1999b). “Studies on the red marrow dosimetry in radioimmunotherapy: An experimental investigation of factors influencing the radiation-induced myelotoxicity in therapy with beta-, Auger/conversion electron-, or alpha-emitters.” Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 3031s–3043s.

BEIR-IV (1988). National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing, Radiations, Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters: Beir IV (National Academies Press, Washington, DC).

BEIR (1990). Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR V). Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) Committee, National Research Council (National Academies Press, Washington, DC).

Bentzen S.M. (2005). “Theragnostic imaging for radiation oncology: Dose-painting by numbers,” Lancet Oncol. 6, 112–117. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)01737-7.

Bentzen S.M. Constine L.S. Deasy J.O. , et al. (2010a). “Quantitative Analyses of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (QUANTEC): An introduction to the scientific issues,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 76, S3–S9. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.09.040.

Bentzen S.M. Parliament M. Deasy J.O. , et al. (2010b). “Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints for normal-tissue effects of radiation therapy: The importance of dose-volume effects,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 76, S145–S150. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.08.076.

Bentzen S.M. Gregoire V. (2011). “Molecular imaging-based dose painting: A novel paradigm for radiation therapy prescription,” Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 21, 101–110.

Bentzen S.M. Dorr W. Gahbauer R. , et al. (2012). “Bioeffect modeling and equieffective dose concepts in radiation oncology—terminology, quantities and units,” Radiother. Oncol. 105, 266–268. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2012.10.006.

Benua R.S. Cicale N.R. Sonenberg M. Rawson R.W. (1962). “The relation of radioiodine dosimetry to results and complications in the treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer,” Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium. Ther. Nucl. Med. 87, 171–182.

Berger M.J. (1963). “Monte Carlo calculation of the penetration and diffusion of fast charged particles,” pp. 163–215 in Methods in Computational Physics, Alder B. Fernbach S. Rotenberg M. , Eds. (Academic Press, New York).

Berger M.J. (1968). “Energy deposition in water by photons from point isotropic sources,” J. Nucl. Med. 9, 15–25.

Berger M.J. (1973). Improved Point Kernels for Electron and Beta Ray Dosimetry, NBSIR 73-107 (National Bureau of Standards, Washington DC, 30).

Berger M.J. (1988). “ETRAN—Experimental Benchmarks,” pp. 183–219 in Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons, Jenkins T.M. Nelson W.R. Rindi A. , Eds. (Plenum, New York).

Berger M.J. Hubbell J.H. Seltzer S.M. , et al. (2010). “XCOM: Photon cross sections database, nist standard reference database 8 (xgam),”http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Xcom/Text/XCOM.html.

Bergeron D.E. Cessna J.T. (2018). “An update on ‘dose calibrator’ settings for nuclides used in nuclear medicine,” Nucl. Med. Commun. 39, 500–504. doi:10.1097/mnm.0000000000000833.

Bergsma H. Konijnenberg M.W. Kam B.L. , et al. (2016a). “Subacute haematotoxicity after PRRT with ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTAoctreotate: Prognostic factors, incidence and course,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 43, 453–463. doi:10.1007/s00259015-3193-4.

Bergsma H. Konijnenberg M.W. van der Zwan W.A. , et al. (2016b). “Nephrotoxicity after PRRT with ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTAoctreotate,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 43, 1802–1811. doi:10.1007/s00259-016-3382-9.

Bergsma H. van Lom K. Raaijmakers M. , et al. (2018). “Persistent hematologic dysfunction after peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE: Incidence, course, and predicting factors in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors,” J. Nucl. Med. 59, 452–458. doi:10.2967/jnumed.117.189712.

Besemer A.E. Yang Y.M. Grudzinski J.J. Hall L.T. Bednarz B.P. (2018). “Development and validation of RAPID: A patient-specific Monte Carlo three-dimensional internal dosimetry platform,” Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 33, 155–165. doi:10.1089/cbr.2018.2451.

Besse I.M. Madsen M.T. Bushnell D.L. Juweid M.E. (2009). “Modeling combined radiopharmaceutical therapy: A linear optimization framework,” Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 8, 51–60.

Bethge W.A. Wilbur D.S. Storb R. , et al. (2003). “Selective T-cell ablation with bismuth-213-labeled anti-TCRalphabeta as nonmyeloablative conditioning for allogeneic canine marrow transplantation,” Blood 101, 5068–5075. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-12-3867.

Biau J. Chautard E. Verrelle P. Dutreix M. (2019). “Altering DNA repair to improve radiation therapy: Specific and multiple pathway targeting,” Front. Oncol. 9, 1009. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.01009.

Bielajew A.F. Rogers D.W.O. (1987). “PRESTA, the parameter reduced electron step transport algorithm for electron Monte Carlo transport,” Nucl. Instr. Meth. B18, 165–181.

Bielajew A.F. Rogers D.W.O. (1988). “Electron step-size artefacts and PRESTA,” pp. 115–138 in Monte Carlo transport of electrons and photons, Jenkins T.M. Nelson W.R. Rindi A. , Eds. (Plenum Press, New York).

BIPM (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th ed. (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres Cedex, France).

Bishayee A. Rao D.V. Bouchet L.G. Bolch W.E. Howell R.W. (2000a). “Radioprotection by DMSO against cell death caused by intracellularly localized I-125, I-131, and Po-210,” Radiat. Res. 153, 416–427.

Bishayee A. Rao D.V. Srivastava S.C. , et al. (2000b). “Marrow-sparing effects of ^117mSn(4+)diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid for radionuclide therapy of bone cancer,” J. Nucl. Med. 41, 2043–2050.

Bloomer W.D. Adelstein S.J. (1977). “Therapeutic application of iodine-125 labeled iodoeoxyuridine in an early ascites tumor model,” Curr. Top. Radiat. Res. Q. 12, 513–525.

Bloomer W.D. McLaughlin W.H. Neirinckx R.D. , et al. (1981). “Astatine-211—tellurium radiocolloid cures experimental malignant ascites,” Science. 212, 340–341. doi:10.1126/science.7209534.

Bloomer W.D. McLaughlin W.H. Adelstein S.J. Wolf A.P. (1984a). “Therapeutic applications of Auger and alpha emitting radionuclides,” Strahlentherapie. 160, 755–757.

Bloomer W.D. McLaughlin W.H. Lambrecht R.M. , et al. (1984b). “²¹¹At radiocolloid therapy: Further observations and comparison with radiocolloids of ³²P, ¹⁶⁵Dy, and ⁹⁰Y,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 10, 341–348. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(84)90052-x.

Blyth B.J. Sykes P.J. (2011). “Radiation-induced bystander effects: What are they, and how relevant are they to human radiation exposures?” Radiat. Res. 176, 139–157.

Bockisch A. Jamitzky T. Derwanz R. Biersack H.J. (1993). “Optimized dose planning of radioiodine therapy of benign thyroidal diseases,” J. Nucl. Med. 34, 1632–1638.

Bodei L. Cremonesi M. Ferrari M. , et al. (2008). “Long-term evaluation of renal toxicity after peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with ⁹⁰Y-DOTATOC and ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE: The role of associated risk factors,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 35, 1847–1856. doi:10.1007/s00259-008-0778-1.

Bodei L. Kidd M. Paganelli G. , et al. (2015). “Long-term tolerability of PRRT in 807 patients with neuroendocrine tumours: The value and limitations of clinical factors,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 42, 5–19. doi:10.1007/s00259014-2893-5.

Bodey R.K. Flux G.D. Evans P.M. (2003). “Combining dosimetry for targeted radionuclide and external beam therapies using the biologically effective dose,” Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 18, 89–97. doi:10.1089/108497803321269368.

Bodey R.K. Evans P.M. Flux G.D. (2004). “Application of the linear-quadratic model to combined modality radiotherapy,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 59, 228–241. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.12.031, S0360301603024623 [pii].

Bodgi L. Canet A. Pujo-Menjouet L. , et al. (2016). “Mathematical models of radiation action on living cells: From the target theory to the modern approaches. A historical and critical review,” J. Theor. Biol. 394, 93–101. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.01.018.

Bolch W.E. Bouchet L.G. Robertson J.S. , et al. (1999). “MIRD Pamphlet No. 17: The dosimetry of nonuniform activity distributions–radionuclide S values at the voxel level,” J. Nucl. Med. 40, 11S–36S.

Bolch W.E. Eckerman K.F. Sgouros G. Thomas S.R. (2009). “MIRD pamphlet No. 21: A generalized schema for radiopharmaceutical dosimetry—standardization of nomenclature,” J. Nucl. Med. 50, 477–484. doi:10.2967/jnumed.108.056036.

Bombardieri E. Ambrosini V. Aktolun C. , et al. (2010a). “¹¹¹In-pentetreotide scintigraphy: Procedure guidelines for tumour imaging,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 37, 1441–1448. doi:10.1007/s00259-010-1473-6.

Bombardieri E. Giammarile F. Aktolun C. , et al. (2010b). “¹³¹I/¹²³I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) scintigraphy: Procedure guidelines for tumour imaging,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 37, 2436–2446. doi:10.1007/s00259010-1545-7.

Bouchet L. Bolch W. Blanco P. , et al. (2003). “MIRD Pamphlet No. 19: Absorbed fractions and radionuclide S values for six age-dependent multi-region models of the kidney,” J. Nucl. Med. 44, 1113–1147.

Brady D. O’Sullivan J.M. Prise K.M. (2013). “What is the role of the bystander response in radionuclide therapies?” Front. Oncol. 3, 215. doi:10.3389/fonc.2013.00215.

Breitz H. (2004). “Clinical aspects of radiation nephropathy,” Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 19, 359–362. doi:10.1089/1084978041425106.

Brenner D.J. Hall E.J. (1991). “Conditions for the equivalence of continuous to pulsed low dose rate brachytherapy,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 20, 181–190.

Brent R.L. (1971). “The response of the 9 and one-half-day-old-rat embryo to variations in exposure rate of 150 R x-irradiation,” Radiat. Res. 45, 127–136.

Bridges K.A. Hirai H. Buser C.A. , et al. (2011). “MK-1775, a novel Wee1 kinase inhibitor, radiosensitizes p53-defective human tumor cells,” Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 5638–5648.

Briesmiester J.F. (1986). MCNP-A General Monte Carlo Code for Neutron and Photon Transport, LA-7396-M 3A (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM).

Brooks A.L. Benjamin S.A. Hahn F.F. , et al. (1983). “The induction of liver tumors by ²³⁹Pu citrate or ²³⁹PuO₂ particles in the Chinese hamster,” Radiat. Res. 96, 135–151.

Brooks A.L. Hoel D.G. Preston R.J. (2016). “The role of dose rate in radiation cancer risk: Evaluating the effect of dose rate at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels using key events in critical pathways following exposure to low LET radiation,” Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 92, 405–426. doi:10.1080/09553002.2016.1186301.

Brown E. Firestone R.B. (1986). Table of Radioactive Isotopes (John Wiley & Sons, New York).

Brown I. Mitchell J.S. (1998). “The development of a [At-211]-astatinated endoradiotherapeutic drug: Part IV - Late radiation effects,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 40, 1177–1183.

Brown J.M. Carlson D.J. Brenner D.J. (2014). “The tumor radiobiology of SRS and SBRT: Are more than the 5 Rs involved?” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 88, 254–262. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.07.022.

Buckley S.E. Saran F.H. Gaze M.N. , et al. (2007). “Dosimetry for fractionated ¹³¹I-mIBG Therapies in patients with primary resistant high-risk neuroblastoma: Preliminary results,” Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 22, 105–112. doi:10.1089/cbr.2007.301.

Buffa F.M. Flux G.D. Guy M.J. , et al. (2003). “A model-based method for the prediction of whole-body absorbed dose and bone marrow toxicity for ¹⁸⁶Re-HEDP treatment of skeletal metastases from prostate cancer,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 30, 1114–1124. doi:10.1007/s00259-003-1197-y.

Buijs W.C. Siegel J.A. Boerman O.C. Corstens F.H. (1998). “Absolute organ activity estimated by five different methods of background correction,” J. Nucl. Med. 39, 2167–2172.

Burman C. Kutcher G.J. Emami B. Goitein M. (1991). “Fitting of normal tissue tolerance data to an analytic function,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 21, 123–135.

Bushberg J.T. Seibert J.A. Leidholdt E.M. Boone J.M. (2011). The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, 3rd ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA).

Bushnell D.L. Madsen M.T. O’Cdorisio T. , et al. (2014). “Feasibility and advantage of adding ¹³¹I-MIBG to ⁹⁰Y-DOTATOC for treatment of patients with advanced stage neuroendocrine tumors,” EJNMMI Res. 4, 38. doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0038-2.

Buvat I. Frey E. Green A. Ljungberg M. (2014). Quantitative Nuclear Medicine Imaging: Concepts, Requirements and Methods, Human Health Reports (IAEA, Vienna, Austria).

Canter B.S. Leung C.N. Fritton J.C. , et al. (2021). “Radium223-induced bystander effects cause DNA damage and apoptosis in disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow,” Mol. Cancer. Res. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-21-0005.

Carlier T. Willowson K.P. Fourkal E. , et al. (2015). “⁹⁰Y-PET imaging: Exploring limitations and accuracy under conditions of low counts and high random fraction,” Med. Phys. 42, 4295–4309. doi:10.1118/1.4922685.

Carlsson J. Forssell A.E. Hietala S.O. Stigbrand T. Tennvall J. (2003). “Tumour therapy with radionuclides: Assessment of progress and problems,” Radiother. Oncol. 66, 107–117.

Carreau A. El Hafny-Rahbi B. Matejuk A. Grillon C. Kieda C. (2011). “Why is the partial oxygen pressure of human tissues a crucial parameter? Small molecules and hypoxia,” J. Cell. Mol. Med. 15, 1239–1253. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01258.x.

Carson R.E. (2006). “Tracer kinetic modeling in PET,” pp. 127– 159 in Positron Emission Tomography Basic Sciences, Bailey D. Townsend D. Valk P. Maisey M.N. , Eds. (Springer-Verlag, London, England).

Cengiz A. (2004). “Internal bremsstrahlung spectra of beta particle emitters using the Monte Carlo method,” Radiat. Phys. Chem. 70, 661–668.

Charlton D.E. Humm J.L. (1988). “A method of calculating initial DNA strand breakage following the decay of incorporated ¹²⁵I,” Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med. 53, 353–365.

Chen Y. Kornblit B. Hamlin D.K. , et al. (2012). “Durable donor engraftment after radioimmunotherapy using alpha-emitter astatine-211-labeled anti-CD45 antibody for conditioning in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation,” Blood. 119, 1130–1138. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-09-380436.

Cherry S.R. Sorenson J.A. Phelps M.E. (2012). Physics in Nuclear Medicine e-Book (Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA).

Chetty I.J. Curran B. Cygler J.E. , et al. (2007). “Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 105: Issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte Carlo-based photon and electron external beam treatment planning,” Med. Phys. 34, 4818–4853. doi:10.1118/1.2795842.

Chiavassa S. Bardies M. Guiraud-Vitaux F. , et al. (2005). “OEDIPE: A personalized dosimetric tool associating voxelbased models with MCNPX,” Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 20, 325–332. doi:10.1089/cbr.2005.20.325.

Chiesa C. Mira M. Maccauro M. , et al. (2015). “Radioembolization of hepatocarcinoma with ⁹⁰Y glass micro-spheres: Development of an individualized treatment planning strategy based on dosimetry and radiobiology,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 42, 1718–1738. doi:10.1007/s00259-0153068-8.

Choudhury P. Gupta M. (2017). “Personalized & precision medicine in cancer: A theranostic approach,” Curr. Radiopharm. 10, 166–170. doi:10.2174/1874471010666170728094008.

Clairand I. Ricard M. Gouriou J. Di Paola M. Aubert B. (1999). “DOSE3D: EGS4 Monte Carlo code-based software for internal radionuclide dosimetry,” J. Nucl. Med. 40, 1517–1523.

Cohalan C. Morin M.A. Leblond A. (2020). “Practical considerations for establishing dead-time corrections in quantitative SPECT imaging,” Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express. 6, 027001. doi:10.1088/2057-1976/ab7500.

Cole A. (1969). “Absorption of 20-eV to 50,000-eV electron beams in air and plastic”. Radiat Res 38, 7-33.

Coleman R.E. Stubbs J.B. Barrett J.A. , et al. (2009). “Radiation dosimetry, pharmacokinetics, and safety of ultratrace Iobenguane I-131 in patients with malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma or metastatic carcinoid,” Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 24, 469–475. doi:10.1089/cbr.2008.0584.

Conti M. Eriksson L. (2016). “Physics of pure and non-pure positron emitters for PET: A review and a discussion,” EJNMMI Phys. 3, 8. doi:10.1186/s40658-016-0144-5.

Cox M.G. (2011). “Modelling clinical decay data using exponential functions,” Approx. Algo. Comp. Syst. 3, 183–203. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16876-5_8.

Cremonesi M. Ferrari M. Zoboli S. , et al. (1999). “Biokinetics and dosimetry in patients administered with ¹¹¹In-DOTATyr(3)-octreotide: Implications for internal radiotherapy with⁹⁰Y-DOTATOC,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 26, 877–886. doi:10.1007/s002590050462.

Cremonesi M. Ferrari M. Bodei L. Tosi G. Paganelli G. (2006). “Dosimetry in peptide radionuclide receptor therapy: A review,” J. Nucl. Med. 47, 1467–1475.

Cremonesi M. Ferrari M.E. Bodei L. , et al. (2018). “Correlation of dose with toxicity and tumour response to Y-90- and Lu-177PRRT provides the basis for optimization through individualized treatment planning,” Europ. J. Nucl. Med. Molec. Imag. 45, 2426–2441. doi:10.1007/s00259-018-4044-x.

Cristy M. Eckerman K.F. (1987). Specific Absorbed Fractions of Energy at Various Ages From Internal Photon Sources, ORNL TM-8381 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN).

Cross W.G. (1968). “Variation of beta dose attenuation in different media,” Phys. Med. Biol. 13, 611–618. doi:10.1088/00319155/13/4/310.

Curtis R.E. Boice J.D. Jr. Stovall M. , et al. (1992). “Risk of leukemia after chemotherapy and radiation treatment for breast cancer,” New. Eng. J. Med. 326, 1745–1751.

D’Arienzo M. Cazzato M. Cozzella M.L. , et al. (2016). “Gamma camera calibration and validation for quantitative SPECT imaging with ¹⁷⁷Lu,” Appl. Radiat. Isot. 112, 156–164.

Dahle J. Bruland Ø.S. Larsen R.H. (2008). “Relative biologic effects of low-dose-rate α-emitting ²²⁷Th-rituximab and β-emitting ⁹⁰Y-tiuexetan-ibritumomab versus external beam X-radiation,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 72, 186–192.

Dale R. (2004). “Use of the linear-quadratic radiobiological model for quantifying kidney response in targeted radiotherapy,” Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 19, 363–370. doi:10.1089/1084978041425070.

Dale R.G. (1985). “The application of the linear-quadratic dose-effect equation to fractionated and protracted radiotherapy,” Br. J. Radiol. 58, 515–528.

Dale R.G. (1986). “A graphical method to simplify the application of the linear-quadratic dose-effect equation to fractionated radiotherapy,” Br. J. Radiol. 59, 1111–1115.

Dale R.G. (1989). “Radiobiological assessment of permanent implants using tumour repopulation factors in the linear-quadratic model,” Br. J. Radiol. 62, 241–244. doi:10.1259/00071285-62-735-241.

Dale R.G. (1996). “Dose-rate effects in targeted radiotherapy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 41, 1871–1884.

Dawson L.A. Kavanagh B.D. Paulino A.C. , et al. (2010). “Radiation-associated kidney injury,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 76, S108–S115. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.02.089.

De Jong M. Valkema R. Van Gameren A. , et al. (2004). “Inhomogeneous localization of radioactivity in the human kidney after injection of [¹¹¹In-DTPA]octreotide,” J. Nucl. Med. 45, 1168–1171.

Deasy J.O. Moiseenko V. Marks L. , et al. (2010). “Radiotherapy dose-volume effects on salivary gland function,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 76, S58–S63. doi:10.1016/j. ijrobp.2009.06.090.

Dewaraja Y.K. Ljungberg M. Fessler J.A. (2006). “3-D Monte Carlo-based scatter compensation in quantitative I-131 SPECT reconstruction,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 53, 181–188. doi:10.1109/tns.2005.862956.

Dewaraja Y.K. Schipper M.J. Roberson P.L. , et al. (2010). “¹³¹I-tositumomab radioimmunotherapy: Initial tumor dose-response results using 3-dimensional dosimetry including radiobiologic modeling,” J. Nucl. Med. 51, 1155–1162. doi:10.2967/jnumed.110.075176.

Dewaraja Y.K. Frey E.C. Sgouros G. , et al. (2012). “MIRD Pamphlet No. 23: Quantitative SPECT for patient-specific 3-dimensional dosimetry in internal radionuclide therapy,” J. Nucl. Med. 53, 1310–1325.

Dewaraja Y.K. Ljungberg M. Green A.J. Zanzonico P.B. Frey E.C. (2013). “MIRD Pamphlet No. 24: Guidelines for quantitative ¹³¹I SPECT in dosimetry applications,” J. Nucl. Med. 54, 2182–2188. doi:10.2967/jnumed.113.122390.

Dewaraja Y.K. Chun S.Y. Srinivasa R.N. , et al. (2017). “Improved quantitative Y-90 bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT reconstruction with Monte Carlo scatter modeling,” Med. Phys. 44, 6364–6376. doi:10.1002/mp.12597.

Dewaraja Y.K. Devasia T. Kaza R.K. , et al. (2020). “Prediction of tumor control in ⁹⁰Y radioembolization by logit models with PET/CT-based dose metrics,” J. Nucl. Med. 61, 104–111.

Dezarn W.A. Cessna J.T. DeWerd L.A. , et al. (2011). “Recommendations of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine on dosimetry, imaging, and quality assurance procedures for ⁹⁰Y microsphere brachytherapy in the treatment of hepatic malignancies,” Med. Phys. 38, 4824–4845. doi:10.1118/1.3608909.

Dieudonne A. Hobbs R.F. Bolch W.E. Sgouros G. Gardin I. (2010). “Fine-resolution voxel S values for constructing absorbed dose distributions at variable voxel size,” J. Nucl. Med. 51, 1600–1607. doi:10.2967/jnumed.110.077149.

Downward J. (2011). “Targeting RAF: Trials and tribulations,” Nat. Med. 17, 286–288.

Durbin P.W. Asling C.W. Johnston M.E. , et al. (1958). “The induction of tumors in the rat by astatine-211,” Radiat. Res. 9, 378–397.

Eckerman K.F. Cristy M. Ryman J.C. (1996). The ORNL Mathematical Phantom Series (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN).

Eckerman K.F. Endo A. (2008). MIRD: Radionuclide Data and Decay Schemes, 1st ed. (The Society of Nuclear Medicine, Reston, VA).

Eisenhauer E.A. Therasse P. Bogaerts J. , et al. (2009). “New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: Revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1),” Eur. J. Cancer. 45, 228–247. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.026.

Elgqvist J. Andersson H. Back T. , et al. (2005a). “Therapeutic efficacy and tumor dose estimations in radioimmunotherapy of intraperitoneally growing OVCAR-3 cells in nude mice with ²¹¹At-labeled monoclonal antibody MX35,” J. Nucl. Med. 46, 1907–1915.

Elgqvist J. Bernhardt P. Hultborn R. , et al. (2005b). “Myelotoxicity and RBE of At-211-conjugated monoclonal antibodies compared with Tc-99m-conjugated monoclonal antibodies and Co-60 irradiation in nude mice,” J. Nucl. Med. 46, 464–471.

Ellett W.H. Callahan A.B. Brownell G.L. (1964). “Gammaray dosimetry of internal emitters. I. Monte Carlo calculations of absorbed dose from point sources,” Br. J. Radiol. 37, 45–52.

Ellett W.H. Callahan A.B. Brownell G.L. (1965). “Gammaray dosimetry of internal emitters. II. Monte Carlo calculations of absorbed dose from uniform sources,” Br. J. Radiol. 38, 541–544.

Ellett W.H. Humes R.M. (1971). “MIRD Pamphlet No. 8: Absorbed fractions for small volumes containing photon-emitting radioactivity,” J. Nucl. Med. 12, 25–32.

Elschot M. Lam M.G.E.H. van den Bosch M.A.A.J. Viergever M.A. de Jong H.W.A.M. (2013a). “Quantitative Monte Carlo–based ⁹⁰Y SPECT reconstruction,” J. Nucl. Med. 54, 1557–1563.

Elschot M. Smits M.L.J. Nijsen J.F.W. , et al. (2013b). “Quantitative Monte Carlo-based holmium-166 SPECT reconstruction,” Med. Phys. 40, 112502. doi:10.1118/1.4823788.

EMA (2008). “Radiopharmaceuticals,”https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/radiopharmaceuticals.

Emami B. Lyman J. Brown A. , et al. (1991). “Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 21, 109–122. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(91)90171-y.

Endo A. Yamaguchi Y. Eckerman K.F. (2003). “Development and assessment of a new radioactive decay database used for dosimetry calculation,” Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 105, 565–569.

Erdi A.K. Wessels B.W. DeJager R. (1994). “Tumor activity confirmation and isodose curve display for patients receiving iodine-131-labelled 16.88 human monoclonal antibody,” Cancer 73, 932–944.

Erdi A.K. Yorke E.D. Loew M.H. , et al. (1998). “Use of the fast Hartley transform for three-dimensional dose calculation in radionuclide therapy,” Med. Phys. 25, 2226–2233.

Erlandsson K. Buvat I. Pretorius P.H. Thomas B.A. Hutton B.F. (2012). “A review of partial volume correction techniques for emission tomography and their applications in neurology, cardiology and oncology,” Phys. Med. Biol. 57, R119–R159. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/57/21/R119.

Ertl H.H. Feinendegen L.E. Heiniger H.J. (1970). “Iodine-125, a tracer in cell biology: Physical properties and biological aspects,” Phys. Med. Biol. 15, 447–456.

Esquinas P.L. Uribe C.F. Gonzalez M. , et al. (2017). “Accuracy of Rhenium-188 SPECT/CT activity quantification for applications in radionuclide therapy using clinical reconstruction methods,” Phys. Med. Biol. 62, 6379–6396. doi:10.1088/13616560/aa7926.

Evans R. Keane A. Kolenkow R. Neal W. Shanahan M. (1969). Radiogenic Tumors in the Radium and Mesothorium Cases Studied at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge).

Evans R.D. (1967). “The effect of skeletally deposited alpha-ray emitters in man,” J. Occup. Environ. Med. 9, 379.

Evans R.D. Keane A. Shanahan M.M. (1972). “Radiogenic effects in man of long-term skeletal apha-irraditation,” pp. 431–468 in Radiobiology of Plutonium, Stover B.J. Jee W.S.S. , Eds. (The J.W. Press, Salt Lake City, UT).

Farrance I. Frenkel R. (2012). “Uncertainty of measurement: A review of the rules for calculating uncertainty components through functional relationships,” Clin. Biochem. Rev. 33, 49–75.

FDA (2018). “Oncology Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals: Nonclinical Studies and Labeling Recommendations Guidance for Industry,”https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/oncology-therapeutic-radiopharmaceuticals-nonclinical-studies-and-labeling-recommendations-guidance.

Feinendegen L.E. McClure J.J. (1997). “Meeting report– Alpha-emitters for medical therapy–Workshop of the United States Department of Energy–Denver, Colorado, May 30-31, 1996,” Radiat. Res. 148, 195–201.

Fendler W.P. Eiber M. Beheshti M. , et al. (2017). “(68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT: Joint EANM and SNMMI procedure guideline for prostate cancer imaging: Version 1.0,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 44, 1014–1024. doi:10.1007/s00259-017-3670-z.

Feng G. Lixin C. Xiaowei L. , et al. (2010). “A pilot study on the feasibility of real-time calculation of three-dimensional dose distribution for (153)Sm-EDTMP radionuclide therapy based on the voxel S-values,” Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 25, 345–352. doi:10.1089/cbr.2009.0678.

Fernandez M. Hanscheid H. Mauxion T. , et al. (2013). “A fast method for rescaling voxel S values for arbitrary voxel sizes in targeted radionuclide therapy from a single Monte Carlo calculation,” Med. Phys. 40, 8. doi:10.1118/1.4812684.

Ferrari A. Sala P.R. /CERN /INFN, M., et al. (2005). “FLUKA: A multi-particle transport code,” SLAC-R-773; TRN: US0601448 United States; TRN: US0601448; SLAC English; Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Medium: ED; pp. 405, doi:10.2172/877507.

Ferrari M.E. Cremonesi M. Di Dia A. , et al. (2012). “3D dosimetry in patients with early breast cancer undergoing Intraoperative Avidination for Radionuclide Therapy (IART((R))) combined with external beam radiation therapy,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 39, 1702–1711. doi:10.1007/s00259-012-2197-6.

Ferrer L. Kraeber-Bodere F. Bodet-Milin C. , et al. (2010). “Three Methods assessing red marrow dosimetry in lymphoma patients treated with radioimmunotherapy,” Cancer 116, 1093–1100. doi:10.1002/cncr.24797.

Finkel A.J. Miller C.E. Hasterlik R.J. (1969). “Radiuminduced malignant tumors in man,” pp. 195–225 in Delayed Effects of Bone-Seeking Radiounuclides, May C.W. Jee W.S.S. Lloyd R.D. Stover B.J. Dougherty J.H. Taylor G.N. Eds. (Universtiy of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, UT).

Finocchiaro D. Berenato S. Grassi E. , et al. (2019). “Partial volume effect of SPECT images in PRRT with ¹⁷⁷Lu labelled somatostatin analogues: A practical solution,” Phys. Med. 57, 153–159. doi:10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.12.029.

Fisher D.R. Frazier M.E. Andrews T.K. Jr. (1985). “Energy distribution and the relative biological effects of internal alpha emitters,” Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 13, 223–227.

Fisher D.R. (1990). “Alpha-particle emitters in medicine,” pp. 194– 214 in Dosimetry of Administered Radionuclides, Adelstein S.J. Kassis A.I. Burt R.W. Eds. (American College of Nuclear Physicians, Washington, DC).

Fitzgerald P.A. Goldsby R.E. Huberty J.P. , et al. (2006). “Malignant pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: A phase II study of therapy with high-dose ¹³¹I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (¹³¹I-MIBG),” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1073, 465–490. doi:10.1196/annals.1353.050.

Flux G.D. (2017). “Imaging and dosimetry for radium-223: The potential for personalized treatment,” Br. J. Radiol. 90, 20160748. doi:10.1259/bjr.20160748.

Flynn A.A. Boxer G.M. Begent R.H. Pedley B.R. (2001). “Relationship between tumour morphology, antigen and antibody distribution measured by fusion of digital phosfor and photographic images,” Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 50, 77–81.

Fowler J.F. (1990). “Radiobiological aspects of low dose rates in radioimmunotherapy,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 18, 1261–1269.

Franquiz J.M. Chigurupati S. Kandagatla K. (2003). “Beta voxel S values for internal emitter dosimetry,” Med. Phys. 30, 1030–1032. doi:10.1118/1.1573204.

Frey E. He B. Sgouros G. Flinn I. Wahl R. (2006). “Estimation of post-therapy marrow dose rate in myeloablative Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan therapy,” J. Nucl. Med. 47, 156P.

Frey E.C. Tsui B.M.W. (1996). “A new method for modeling the spatially-variant, object shape dependent scatter response function in SPECT,” pp. 1082–1086 in 1996 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record. 2. doi:10.1109/NSSMIC.1996.591559.

Frey E.C. Tsui B.M.W. (2006). “Collimator-detector response compensation in SPECT,” pp. 141–166 in Quantitative Analysis in Nuclear Medicine Imaging, Zaidi H. , Ed. (Springer, New York).

Friedland W. Dingfelder M. Kundrat P. Jacob P. (2011a). “Track structures, DNA targets and radiation effects in the biophysical Monte Carlo simulation code PARTRAC,” Mutat. Res. 711, 28–40. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.01.003.

Friedland W. Kundrat P. Jacob P. (2011b). “Track structure calculations on hypothetical subcellular targets for the release of cell-killing signals in bystander experiments with medium transfer,” Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 143, 325–329. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncq401.

Friesen C. Glatting G. Koop B. , et al. (2007). “Breaking chemoresistance and radioresistance with [²¹³Bi]anti-CD45 antibodies in leukemia cells,” Cancer Res. 67, 1950–1958. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3569.

Furhang E.E. Chui C.S. Kolbert K.S. Larson S.M. Sgouros G. (1997). “Implementation of a Monte Carlo dosimetry method for patient-specific internal emitter therapy,” Med. Phys. 24, 1163–1172. doi:10.1118/1.598018.

Furuta T. Sato T. Han M.C. , et al. (2017). “Implementation of tetrahedral-mesh geometry in Monte Carlo radiation transport code PHITS,” Phys. Med. Biol. 62, 4798–4810. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/aa6b45.

Gafita A. Wang H. Tauber R. , et al. (2019). “Exceptional 4-year response to ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 46, 2212–2213. doi:10.1007/s00259-019-04410-8.

Gardin I. Bouchet L.G. Assie K. , et al. (2003). “Voxeldose: A computer program for 3-D dose calculation in therapeutic nuclear medicine,” Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 18, 109–115.

Garin E. Rakotonirina H. Lejeune F. , et al. (2006). “Effect of a ¹⁸⁸Re-SSS lipiodol/¹³¹I-lipiodol mixture, ¹⁸⁸Re-SSS lipiodol alone or ¹³¹I-lipiodol alone on the survival of rats with hepatocellular carcinoma,” Nucl. Med. Commun. 27, 363–369.

Garin E. Lenoir L. Rolland Y. , et al. (2012). “Dosimetry based on ^99mTc-macroaggregated albumin SPECT/CT accurately predicts tumor response and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with ⁹⁰Y-loaded glass microspheres: Preliminary results,” J. Nucl. Med. 53, 255–263. doi:10.2967/jnumed.111.094235.

Garin E. Lenoir L. Edeline J. , et al. (2013). “Boosted selective internal radiation therapy with Y-90-loaded glass microspheres (B-SIRT) for hepatocellular carcinoma patients: A new personalized promising concept,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 40, 1057–1068. doi:10.1007/s00259-013-2395-x.

Garin E. Tselikas L. Guiu B. , et al. (2020). “Personalised versus standard dosimetry approach of selective internal radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (DOSISPHERE-01): A randomised, multicentre, open-label phase 2 trial,” Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 17–29. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30290-9.

Garrett J.T. Arteaga C.L. (2011). “Resistance to HER2directed antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Mechanisms and clinical implications,” Cancer Biol. Ther. 11, 793–800.

Gear J. Chiesa C. Lassmann M. , et al. (2020). “EANM Dosimetry Committee series on standard operational procedures for internal dosimetry for ¹³¹I mIBG treatment of neuroendocrine tumours,” EJNMMI Phys. 7, 15. doi:10.1186/s40658-020-0282-7.

Gear J.I. Cox M.G. Gustafsson J. , et al. (2018). “EANM practical guidance on uncertainty analysis for molecular radiotherapy absorbed dose calculations,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 45, 2456–2474. doi:10.1007/s00259-018-4136-7.

Geyer A.M. O’Reilly S. Lee C. Long D.J. Bolch W.E. (2014). “The UF/NCI family of hybrid computational phantoms representing the current US population of male and female children, adolescents, and adults—application to CT dosimetry,” Phys. Med. Biol. 59, 5225–5242. doi:10.1088/00319155/59/18/5225.

Geyer A.M. Schwarz B.C. Hobbs R.F. Sgouros G. Bolch W.E. (2017a). “Quantitative impact of changes in marrow cellularity, skeletal size, and bone mineral density on active marrow dosimetry based upon a reference model,” Med. Phys. 44, 272–283. doi:10.1002/mp.12002.

Geyer A.M. Schwarz B.C. O’Reilly S.E. , et al. (2017b). “Depthdependent concentrations of hematopoietic stem cells in the adult skeleton: Implications for active marrow dosimetry,” Med. Phys. 44, 747–761. doi:10.1002/mp.12056.

Ghaly M. Du Y. Thorek D. Sgouros G. Frey E. (2018). “Quantitative SPECT imaging of the alpha-emitter Th-227 with Ra-223 crosstalk correction,” J. Nucl. Med. 59, 578–578.

Ghaly M. Sgouros G. Frey E. (2019). “Quantitative dual isotope SPECT imaging of the alpha-emitters Th-227 and Ra-223,” J. Nucl. Med. 60, 41–41.

Giap H.B. Macey D.J. Bayouth J.E. Boyer A.L. (1995). “Validation of a dose-point kernel convolution technique for internal dosimetry,” Phys. Med. Biol. 40, 365–381.

Gnesin S. Canetti L. Adib S. , et al. (2016). “Partition model based Tc-99m-MAA SPECT/CT predictive dosimetry compared with Y-90 TOF PET/CT posttreatment dosimetry in radioembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: A quantitative agreement comparison,” J. Nucl. Med. 57, 1672–1678. doi:10.2967/jnumed.116.173104.

Goddu S.M. Howell R.W. Rao D.V. (1994a). “Cellular dosimetry: Absorbed fractions for monoenergetic electron and alpha particle sources and S-values for radionuclides uniformly distributed in different cell compartments,” J. Nucl. Med. 35, 303–316.

Goddu S.M. Rao D.V. Howell R.W. (1994b). “Multicellular dosimetry for micrometastases: Dependence of self-dose versus cross-dose to cell nuclei on type and energy of radiation and subcellular distribution of radionuclides,” J. Nucl. Med. 35, 521–530.

Goddu S.M. Narra V.R. Harapanhalli R.S. Howell R.W. Rao D.V. (1996). “Radioprotection by DMSO against the biological effects of incorporated radionuclides in vivo— Comparison with other radioprotectors and evidence for indirect action of Auger electrons,” Acta. Oncol. 35, 901–907.

Goddu S.M. Howell R.W. Bouchet L.G. Bolch W.E. Rao D.V. (1997). MIRD Cellular S Values: Self-Absorbed Dose Per Unit Cumulated Activity for Selected Radionuclides and Monoenergetic Electron and Alpha Particle Emitters Incorporated Into Different Cell Compartments (Society of Nuclear Medicine, Reston, VA).

Goddu S.M. Howell R.W. Giuliani D.C. Rao D.V. (1998). “Biological dosimetry of bone marrow for incorporated yttrium-90,” J. Nucl. Med. 39, 547–552.

Goddu S.M. Bishayee A. Bouchet L.G. , et al. (2000). “Marrow toxicity of ³³P-versus ³²P-orthophosphate: Implications for therapy of bone pain and bone metastases,” J. Nucl. Med. 41, 941–951.

Gonias S. Goldsby R. Matthay K.K. , et al. (2009). “Phase II study of high-dose [¹³¹I]metaiodobenzylguanidine therapy for patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma,” J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 4162–4168. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.21.3496.

Goodhead D.T. (1988). “Spatial and temporal distribution of energy,” Health. Phys. 55, 231–240. doi:10.1097/00004032198808000-00015.

Goodhead D.T. (1989). “The initial physical damage produced by ionizing radiations,” Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 56, 623–634. doi:10.1080/09553008914551841.

Gopal A.K. Gooley T.A. Maloney D.G. , et al. (2003). “Highdose radioimmunotherapy versus conventional high-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for relapsed follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A multivariable cohort analysis,” Blood. 102, 2351–2357. doi:10.1182/blood2003-02-0622.

Götz T. Schmidkonz C. Lang E.W. , et al. (2019). “A comparison of methods for adapting Lu-177 dose-voxel-kernels to tissue inhomogeneities,” Phys. Med. Biol. 64, 245011. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ab5b81.

Gove N.B. Martin M.J. (1971). “Log-ft tables for beta decay,” Nucl. Data. Tables. 10, 205–219.

Green A. Flynn A. Pedley R.B. Dearling J. Begent R. (2004). “Nonuniform absorbed dose distribution in the kidney: The influence of organ architecture,” Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 19, 371–377. doi:10.1089/1084978041425052.

Gregory R.A. Hooker C.A. Partridge M. Flux G.D. (2009). “Optimization and assessment of quantitative ¹²⁴I imaging on a Philips Gemini dual GS PET/CT system,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 36, 1037–1048. doi:10.1007/s00259-009-1099-8.

Gregory R.A. Murray I. Gear J. , et al. (2017). “Objective comparison of lesion detectability in low and medium-energy collimator iodine-123 mIBG images using a channelized Hotelling observer,” Phys. Med. Biol. 62, 17–30. doi:10.1088/13616560/62/1/17.

Grimes J. Celler A. (2014). “Comparison of internal dose estimates obtained using organ-level, voxel S value, and Monte Carlo techniques.” Med. Phys. 41, 092501. doi:10.1118/1.4892606.

Guckenberger M. Lievens Y. Bouma A.B. , et al. (2020). “Characterisation and classification of oligometastatic disease: A European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer consensus recommendation”. Lancet Oncol. 21, e18–e28. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30718-1.

Gulec S.A. Sztejnberg M.L. Siegel J.A. Jevremovic T. Stabin M. (2010). “Hepatic structural dosimetry in ⁹⁰Y microsphere treatment: A Monte Carlo modeling approach based on lobular microanatomy,” J. Nucl. Med. 51, 301–310. doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.069278.

Gunn R.N. Gunn S.R. Turkheimer F.E. Aston J.A. Cunningham V.J. (2002). “Positron emission tomography compartmental models: A basis pursuit strategy for kinetic modeling,” J. Cereb. Blood. Flow. Metab. 22, 1425–1439. doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000045042.03034.42.

Gupta A. Lee M.S. Kim J.H. Lee D.S. Lee J.S. (2020). “Preclinical voxel-based dosimetry in theranostics: A review,” Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 54, 86–97. doi:10.1007/s13139-02000640-z.

Gustafsson J. Nilsson P. Gleisner K.S. (2013a). “On the biologically effective dose (BED)-using convolution for calculating the effects of repair: II. Numerical considerations,” Phys. Med. Biol. 58, 1529–1548. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/58/5/1529.

Gustafsson J. Nilsson P. Gleisner K.S. (2013b). “On the biologically effective dose (BED)-using convolution for calculating the effects of repair: I. Analytical considerations,” Phys. Med. Biol. 58, 1507–1527. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/58/5/1507.

Gustafsson J. Brolin G. Cox M. , et al. (2015). “Uncertainty propagation for SPECT/CT-based renal dosimetry in ¹⁷⁷Lu peptide receptor radionuclide therapy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 60, 8329–8346. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/60/21/8329.

Gustafsson J. Sundlov A. Sjogreen Gleisner K. (2017). “SPECT image segmentation for estimation of tumour volume and activity concentration in ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE radionuclide therapy,” EJNMMI Res 7, 18. doi:10.1186/s13550-017-0262-7.

Gustafsson J. Brolin G. Ljungberg M. (2018). “Monte Carlo-based SPECT reconstruction within the SIMIND framework,” Phys. Med. Biol. 63, 245012. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/aaf0f1.

Gustafsson J. Rodeno E. Minguez P. (2020). “Feasibility and limitations of quantitative SPECT for ²²³Ra,” Phys. Med. Biol. 65, 085012. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ab7971.

Guy M.J. Flux G.D. Papavasileiou P. Flower M.A. Ott R.J. (2003). “RMDP: A dedicated package for ¹³¹I SPECT quantification, registration and patient-specific dosimetry,” Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 18, 61–69. doi:10.1089/108497803321269331.

Hagmarker L. Svensson J. Ryden T. , et al. (2019). “Bone marrow absorbed doses and correlations with hematologic response during ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE treatments are influenced by image-based dosimetry method and presence of skeletal metastases,” J. Nucl. Med. 60, 1406–1413. doi:10.2967/jnumed.118.225235.

Hall A.B. Newsome D. Wang Y. , et al. (2014). “Potentiation of tumor responses to DNA damaging therapy by the selective ATR inhibitor VX-970,” Oncotarget 5, 5674–5685.

Hall E.J. Giaccia A.J. (2012). Radiobiology for the Radiologist, 7 ed. (Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA).

Hall P. Berg G. Bjelkengren G. , et al. (1992). “Cancer mortality after iodine-131 therapy for hyperthyroidism,” Int. J. Cancer. 50, 886–890. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910500611.

Halnan K.E. (1985). “Radio-iodine treatment of hyperthyroidism—a more liberal policy?” Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 14, 467–489. doi:10.1016/s0300-595x(85)80043-8.

Halpern A. Stöcklin G. (1977a). “Chemical and biological consequences of beta-decay Part 1,” Radiat. Environ. Biophy. 14, 167–183.

Halpern A. Stöcklin G. (1977b). “Chemical and biological consequences of beta-decay Part 2,” Radiat. Environ. Biophy. 14, 257–274.

Hamacher K.A. Den R.B. Den E.I. Sgouros G. (2001). “Cellular dose conversion factors for alpha-particle—emitting radionuclides of interest in radionuclide therapy,” J. Nucl. Med. 42, 1216–1221.

Handkiewicz-Junak D. Poeppel T.D. Bodei L. , et al. (2018). “EANM guidelines for radionuclide therapy of bone metastases with beta-emitting radionuclides,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 45, 846–859. doi:10.1007/s00259-018-3947-x.

Hänscheid H. Sweeney R.A. Flentje M. , et al. (2012). “PET SUV correlates with radionuclide uptake in peptide receptor therapy in meningioma,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 39, 1284–1288. doi:10.1007/s00259-012-2124-x.

Hänscheid H. Canzi C. Eschner W. , et al. (2013). “EANM Dosimetry Committee Series on Standard Operational Procedures for Pre-Therapeutic Dosimetry II. Dosimetry prior to radioiodine therapy of benign thyroid diseases,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 40, 1126–1134. doi:10.1007/s00259-013-2387-x.

Hänscheid H. Lapa C. Buck A.K. Lassmann M. Werner R.A. (2018). “Dose mapping after endoradiotherapy with ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE/DOTATOC by a single measurement after 4 days,” J. Nucl. Med. 59, 75–81. doi:10.2967/jnumed.117.193706.

Harapanhalli R.S. Narra V.R. Yaghmai V. , et al. (1994). “Vitamins as radioprotectors in vivo. II. Protection by vitamin A and soybean oil against radiation damage caused by internal radionuclides,” Radiat. Res. 139, 115–122.

Harrison J.D. Muirhead C.R. (2003). “Quantitative comparisons of cancer induction in humans by internally deposited radionuclides and external radiation”. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 79, 1–13.

Haste P. Tann M. Persohn S. , et al. (2017). “Correlation of technetium-99m macroaggregated Albumin and Yttrium-90 glass microsphere biodistribution in hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective review of pretreatment single photon emission CT and posttreatment positron emission tomography/CT,” J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 28, 722.e721–730.e721. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2016.12.1221.

Hatt M. Lee J.A. Schmidtlein C.R. , et al. (2017). “Classification and evaluation strategies of auto-segmentation approaches for PET: Report of AAPM task group No. 211,” Med. Phys. 44, E1–E42. doi:10.1002/mp.12124.

Haugen B.R. Alexander E.K. Bible K.C. , et al. (2016). “2015 American Thyroid Association Management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: The American Thyroid Association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer,” Thyroid 26, 1–133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020.

He B. Du Y. Song X. Segars W.P. Frey E.C. (2005). “A Monte Carlo and Physical phantom evaluation of quantitative in-111 SPECT,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50, 4169–4185.

He B. Du Y. Segars W.P. , et al. (2009). “Evaluation of quantitative imaging methods for organ activity and residence time estimation using a population of phantoms having realistic variations in anatomy and uptake,” Med. Phys. 36, 612–619.

Hendry J.H. Lord B.I. (1983). “The analysis of early and late response to cytotoxic insults in the haematopoietic cell hierarchy,” pp. 1–66 in Cytotoxic Insult to Tissue, Potten C.S. Hendry J.H. , Eds. (Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK).

Henriquez F.C. Castrillon S.V. (2011). “A quality index for equivalent uniform dose,” J. Med. Phys. 36, 126–132. doi:10.4103/0971-6203.83466.

Hess C.F. Christ G. Jany R. Bamberg M. (1993). “Dosage specification at the ICRU reference point: The consequences for clinical practice,” Strahlenther. Onkol. 169, 660–667.

Hindorf C. Glatting G. Chiesa C. Linden O. Flux G. (2010). “EANM Dosimetry Committee guidelines for bone marrow and whole-body dosimetry,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 37, 1238–1250. doi:10.1007/s00259-010-1422-4.

Hindorf C. Chittenden S. Aksnes A.K. Parker C. Flux G.D. (2012). “Quantitative imaging of ²²³Ra-chloride (Alpharadin) for targeted alpha-emitting radionuclide therapy of bone metastases,” Nucl. Med. Commun. 33, 726–732. doi:10.1097/MNM.0b013e328353bb6e.

Hirayama H. Namito Y. Bielajew A.F. Wilderman S.J. Nelson W.R. (2005). The EGS5 Code System, SLACReport-730 (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, 418).

Hobbs R.F. Sgouros G. (2009). “Calculation of the biological effective dose for piecewise defined dose-rate fits,” Med. Phys. 36, 904–907.

Hobbs R.F. Wahl R.L. Lodge M.A. , et al. (2009). “¹²⁴I PET-based 3D-RD dosimetry for a pediatric thyroid cancer patient: Real-time treatment planning and methodologic comparison,” J. Nucl. Med. 50, 1844–1847. doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.066738.

Hobbs R.F. Baechler S. Wahl R.L. , et al. (2010). “Arterial wall dosimetry for non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients treated with radioimmunotherapy,” J. Nucl. Med. 51, 368–375. doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.069575.

Hobbs R.F. Baechler S. Fu D.X. , et al. (2011a). “A model of cellular dosimetry for macroscopic tumors in radiopharmaceutical therapy,” Med. Phys. 38, 2892–2903.

Hobbs R.F. McNutt T. Baechler S. , et al. (2011b). “A treatment planning method for sequentially combining radiopharmaceutical therapy and external radiation therapy,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 80, 1256–1262.

Hobbs R.F. Song H. Huso D.L. Sundel M.H. Sgouros G. (2012a). “A nephron-based model of the kidneys for macro-tomicro alpha-particle dosimetry,” Phys. Med. Biol. 57, 4403–4424. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/57/13/4403.

Hobbs R.F. Song H. Watchman C.J. , et al. (2012b). “A bone marrow toxicity model for ²²³Ra alpha-emitter radiopharmaceutical therapy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 57, 3207–3222. doi:10.1088/00319155/57/10/3207.

Hobbs R.F. Wahl R.L. Frey E.C. , et al. (2013). “Radiobiologic optimization of combination radiopharmaceutical therapy applied to myeloablative treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma,” J. Nucl. Med. 54, 1535–1542. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.117952.

Hobbs R.F. Howell R.W. Song H. Baechler S. Sgouros G. (2014). “Redefining relative biological effectiveness in the context of the EQDX formalism: Implications for alpha-particle emitter therapy,” Radiat. Res. 181, 90–98. doi:10.1667/RR13483.1.

Hofer K.G. Harris C.R. Smith J.M. (1975). “Radiotoxicity of intracellular Ga-67, I-125, H-3. Nuclear versus cytoplasmic radiation effects in murine L1210 leukaemia,” Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 28, 225–241.

Hofer K.G. Keough G. Smith J.M. (1977). “Biological toxicity of Auger emitters: Molecular fragmentation versus electron irradiation,” Curr. Topics Radiat. Res. Q. 12, 335–354.

Hofman M.S. Violet J. Hicks R.J. , et al. (2018). “[¹⁷⁷Lu]PSMA-617 radionuclide treatment in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (LuPSMA trial): A single-centre, single-arm, phase 2 study,” Lancet Oncol. 19, 825–833. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30198-0.

Hogberg J. Rizell M. Hultborn R. , et al. (2014). “Heterogeneity of microsphere distribution in resected liver and tumour tissue following selective intrahepatic radiotherapy,” EJNMMI Res. 4, 48. doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0048-0.

Hough M. Johnson P. Rajon D. , et al. (2011). “An image-based skeletal dosimetry model for the ICRP reference adult male— internal electron sources,” Phys. Med. Biol. 56, 2309–2346. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/56/8/001.

Howard B.A. James O.G. Perkins J.M. , et al. (2017). “A practical method of I-131 thyroid cancer therapy dose optimization using estimated effective renal clearance,” SAGE Open Med. Case Rep. 5, 2050313X17745203.

Howell R.W. Sastry K.S.R. Hill H.Z. Rao D.V. (1986). “Cis-platinum-193m: Its microdosimetry and potential for chemo-Auger combination therapy of cancer,” pp. 493–513 in Proceedings of Fourth International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium, Schlafke-Stelson A.T. Watson E.E. , Eds. (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA).

Howell R.W. Rao D.V. Sastry K.S. (1989). “Macroscopic dosimetry for radioimmunotherapy: Nonuniform activity distributions in solid tumors,” Med. Phys. 16, 66–74. doi:10.1118/1.596404.

Howell R.W. Narra V.R. Rao D.V. Sastry K.S.R. (1990). “Radiobiological effects of intracellular polonium-210 alpha emissions: A comparison with Auger-emitters,” Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 31, 325–328.

Howell R.W. Rao D.V. Hou D.-Y. Narra V.R. Sastry K.S.R. (1991). “The question of relative biological effectiveness and quality factor for Auger emitters incorporated into proliferating mammalian cells,” Radiat. Res. 128, 282–292.

Howell R.W. (1992). “Radiation spectra for Auger-electron emitting radionuclides: Report No. 2 of AAPM Nuclear Medicine Task Group No. 6,” Med. Phys. 19, 1371–1383.

Howell R.W. Narra V.R. Hou D.Y. , et al. (1992). “Relative biological effectiveness of Auger emitters for cell inactivation: In vitro versus in vivo,” pp. 290–318 in Biophysical Aspects of Auger Processes in: Howell R.W. Narra V.R. Sastry K.S.R. Rao D.V. , Eds. (American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, NY), http://www.aapm.org/pubs/books/PROC_8.pdf.

Howell R.W. Narra V.R. Sastry K.S.R. Rao D.V. (1993). “On the equivalent dose for Auger electron emitters,” Radiat. Res. 134, 71–78.

Howell R.W. Azure M.T. Narra V.R. Rao D.V. (1994a). “Relative biological effectiveness of alpha-particle emitters in vivo at low doses [see comments],” Radiat. Res. 137, 352–360.

Howell R.W. Goddu S.M. Rao D.V. (1994b). “Application of the linear-quadratic model to radioimmunotherapy: Further support for the advantage of longer-lived radionuclides,” J. Nucl. Med. 35, 1861–1869.

Howell R.W. Kassis A.I. Adelstein S.J. , et al. (1994c). “Radiotoxicity of ^195mPt labeled trans-platinum(II) in mammalian cells,” Radiat. Res. 140, 55–62.

Howell R.W. Goddu S.M. Narra V.R. , et al. (1997). “Radiotoxicity of gadolinium-148 and radium-223 in mouse testes: Relative biological effectiveness of alpha-particle emitters in vivo,” Radiat. Res. 147, 342–348.

Howell R.W. Goddu S.M. Bishayee A. Rao D.V. (1998a). “Radioprotection against lethal damage caused by chronic irradiation with radionuclides in vitro,” Radiat. Res. 150, 391–399.

Howell R.W. Goddu S.M. Rao D.V. (1998b). “Proliferation and the advantage of longer-lived radionuclides in radioimmunotherapy,” Med. Phys. 25, 37–42.

Howell R.W. Bishayee A. (2002). “Bystander effects caused by nonuniform distributions of DNA-incorporated ¹²⁵I,” Micron. 33, 127–132.

Howell R.W. Rajon D. Bolch W.E. (2012). “Monte Carlo simulation of irradiation and killing in three-dimensional cell populations with lognormal cellular uptake of radioactivity,” Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 88, 115–122. doi:10.3109/09553002.2011.602379.

Humm J.L. Cobb L.M. (1990). “Nonuniformity of tumor dose in radioimmunotherapy,” J. Nucl. Med. 31, 75–83.

Humm J.L. Chin L.M. (1993). “A model of cell inactivation by alpha-particle internal emitters,” Radiat. Res. 134, 143–150.

Humm J.L. Roeske J.C. Fisher D.R. Chen G.T.Y. (1993). “Microdosimetric concepts in radioimmunotherapy,” Med. Phys. 20, Pt. 2, 535–541.

Humm J.L. Howell R.W. Rao D.V. (1994). “Dosimetry of Auger-electron-emitting radionuclides: Report No. 3 of AAPM Nuclear Medicine Task Group No. 6,” Med. Phys. 21, 1901–1915.

Hundahl S.A. Fleming I.D. Fremgen A.M. Menck H.R. (1998). “A national cancer data base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the US, 1985-1995,” Cancer 83, 2638–2648.

IAEA (2011). Nuclear Data for the Production of Therapeutic Radionuclides, Technical Report Series No. 473 377 ( Qaim S.M. Tarkanyi F. Capote R. (Eds.)), (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria).

IAEA (2017). Radiotherapy in Cancer Care: Facing the Global Challenge (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria).

ICRP (1975). ICRP Publication 23: Report on the Task Group on Reference Man, International Commission on Radiological Protection (Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK).

ICRP (2002). ICRP Publication 89: Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection - reference values,” Ann. ICRP. 32, 1–277.

ICRP (2003). “ICRP Publication 92, Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), quality factor (Q), and radiation weighting factor (WR),” Ann. ICRP. 33, 1–121.

ICRP (2008). “ICRP Publication 107: Nuclear decay data for dosimetric calculations,” Ann. ICRP. 38, 1–26.

ICRP (2009). “ICRP Publication 110: Adult reference computational phantoms,” Ann. ICRP. 39, 1–165.

ICRP (2015). “ICRP Publication 128: Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals–A compendium of current information related to frequently used substances,” Ann. ICRP. 44, 1–321.

ICRP (2016). “ICRP Publication 133: The ICRP computational framework for internal dose assessment for reference adults: Specific absorbed fractions,” Ann. ICRP. 45, 1–74.

ICRP (2017). “ICRP Publication 137: Occupational intakes of radionuclides, Part 3,” Ann. ICRP. 46, 1–486.

ICRP (2019). “ICRP Publication 140: Radiological protection in therapy with radiopharmaceuticals,” Ann. ICRP 48, 95.

ICRP (2020). “ICRP Publication 143: Paediatric reference computational phantoms,” Ann ICRP. 49, 5–297.

ICRU (1970). ICRU Report 16: Linear Energy Transfer, Report 16 (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, 1–51).

ICRU (1979a). ICRU Report 32: Methods of Assessment of Absorbed Dose in Clinical Use of Radionuclides, Report 32 (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, 1–73).

ICRU (1979b). ICRU Report 30: Quantitative Concepts and Dosimetry in Radiobiology, Report 30 (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, 1–80).

ICRU (1983). ICRU Report 36: Microdosimetry (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, 1–119).

ICRU (1984). ICRU Report 37: Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, 1–281).

ICRU (1986). ICRU Report 40: The Quality Factor in Radiation Protection (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, 1–32).

ICRU (1993a). ICRU Report 49: Stopping Powers and Ranges for Protons and Alpha Particles (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, 1–295).

ICRU (1993b). ICRU Report 50: Prescribing, Recording and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, 1–81).

ICRU (1997). ICRU Report 56: Dosimetry of External Beta Rays for Radiation Protection (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, 146).

ICRU (1999). “ICRU Report 62: Prescribing, recording and reporting photon beam therapy (supplement to ICRU report 50),” J. ICRU os32, 1–52.

ICRU (2002). “ICRU Report 67: Absorbed-dose specification in nuclear medicine,” J. ICRU 2, 1–110.

ICRU (2010). “ICRU Report 83: Prescribing, Recording, and reporting photon-beam Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT),” J. ICRU 10, 1–106.

ICRU (2011a). “ICRU Report No. 86. Quantification and reporting of low-dose and other heterogeneous exposures,” J. ICRU 11, 1–77.

ICRU (2011b). “ICRU Report No. 85: Fundamental quantities and units for ionizing radiation,” J. ICRU 11, 1–42.

ICRU (2013). “ICRU Report 89: Prescribing, recording, and reporting brachytherapy for cancer of the cervix,” J. ICRU 13, 1–258. doi:10.1093/jicru_ndw004.

ICRU (2014). “ICRU Report 91: Prescribing, Recording, and reporting of stereotactic treatments with small photon beams,” J. ICRU 14, 1–145.

ICRU (2016). “ICRU Report 93: Prescribing, recording, and reporting light ion beam therapy,” J. ICRU 16, 1–211.

IEC (2011). IEC 61217:2011 Radiotherapy Equipment– Coordinates, Movements and Scales (International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland).

Ilan E. Sandstrom M. Wassberg C. , et al. (2015). “Dose response of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors treated with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy using ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE,” J. Nucl. Med. 56, 177–182. doi:10.2967/jnumed.114.148437.

Ilan E. Sandstrom M. Velikyan I. , et al. (2017). “Parametric net influx rate images of ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATOC and ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE: Quantitative accuracy and improved image contrast,” J. Nucl. Med. 58, 744–749. doi:10.2967/jnumed.116.180380.

Imhof A. Brunner P. Marincek N. , et al. (2011). “Response, survival, and long-term toxicity after therapy with the radio-labeled somatostatin analogue Y-90-DOTATOC in metastasized neuroendocrine cancers,” J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 2416–2423. doi:10.1200/jco.2010.33.7873.

Inaki A. Yoshimura K. Murayama T. , et al. (2017). “A phase I clinical trial for [¹³¹I]meta-iodobenzylguanidine therapy in patients with refractory pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: A study protocol,” JMI 64, 205–209. doi:10.2152/jmi.64.205.

Incerti S. Kyriakou I. Bernal M.A. , et al. (2018). “Geant4-DNA example applications for track structure simulations in liquid water: A report from the Geant4-DNA Project,” Med. Phys. 45, e722–e739. doi:10.1002/mp.13048.

IOM (2011). Institute of Medicine - Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust (The National Academies Press, Washington, DC).

Isaacsson Velho P. Qazi F. Hassan S. , et al. (2018). “Efficacy of Radium-223 in Bone-metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer with and Without Homologous Repair Gene Defects,” Eur. Urol. 76, 170–176. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2018.09.040.

ISO (2006). “ISO 80000-3:2006 Quantities and units — Part 3: Space and time,”https://www.iso.org/standard/31888.html.

Jackson A. Marks L.B. Bentzen S.M. , et al. (2010). “The lessons of QUANTEC: Recommendations for reporting and gathering data on dose-volume dependencies of treatment outcome,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 76, S155–S160. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.08.074.

Jackson P.A. Hofman M.S. Hicks R.J. Scalzo M. Violet J. (2020). “Radiation dosimetry in ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA-617 therapy using a single posttreatment SPECT/CT scan: A Novel methodology to generate time- and tissue-specific dose factors,” J. Nucl. Med. 61, 1030–1036. doi:10.2967/jnumed.119.233411.

Jan S. Santin G. Strul D. , et al. (2004). “GATE: A simulation toolkit for PET and SPECT,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 4543–4561.

Janicki C. Duggan D.M. Gonzalez A. Coffey C.W. 2nd Rahdert D.A. (1999). “Dose model for a beta-emitting stent in a realistic artery consisting of soft tissue and plaque,” Med. Phys. 26, 2451–2460. doi:10.1118/1.598813.

Janicki C. Duggan D.M. Rahdert D.A. (2001). “A dose-pointkernel model for a low energy gamma-emitting stent in a heterogeneous medium,” Med. Phys. 28, 1397–1405. doi:10.1118/1.1380214.

JCGM (2008a). JCGM100:2008 Evaluation of measurement data-Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, 1 ed. (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres, France, 116).

JCGM (2008b). JCGM101:2008 Evaluation of Measurement Data-Supplement 1 to the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” - Propagation of Distributions Using a Monte Carlo Method, 1 ed. (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres, France, 82).

Jenkins R. Manne R. Robin J. Senemaud C. (1991). “Nomenclature system for x-ray spectroscopy,” Pure. Appl. Chem. 63, 735–746.

Jentzen W. Freudenberg L. Eising E.G. , et al. (2008). “Optimized I-124 PET dosimetry protocol for radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer,” J. Nucl. Med. 49, 1017–1023. doi:10.2967/jnumed.107.047159.