The Effectiveness of an Integrated Care Pathway for Inpatient Heart Failure Treatment: Results of a Trial in a Community Hospital

Garg R Packer M Pitt B Yusuf S . Heart failure in the 1990's: evolution of major public health problem in cardiovascular medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22(Suppl A):3A–5A.

Cowie MR Mosterd A Wood DA . The epidemiology of heart failure. Eur Heart J 1997;18:208–15.

Massie BM Shah NB . Evolving trends in the epidemiologic factors of heart failure: rationale for preventive strategies and comprehensive disease management. Am Heart J 1997;133:703–12.

American Heart Association 2001. Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association, 2000.

Fonarow GC Stevenson LW Walden JA . Impact of a comprehensive heart failure management program on hospital re-admission and functional status of patients with advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;3:725–32.

McAlister FA Lawson FME Teo KK Armstrong PW . A systematic review of randomised trials of disease management programs in heart failure. Am J Med 2001;110:378–84.

Rich MW . Heart failure disease management programs: efficacy and limitations. Am J Med 2001;110:410–2.

Vinson JM Rich MW Sperry JC . Early re-admissions of elderly patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:1290–5.

Cowie MR Fox KF Wood DA . Hospitalization of patients with heart failure. A population-based study. Eur Heart J 2002;11:877–85.

McMurray J Hart W Rhodes G . An evaluation of the economic cost of heart failure to the National Health Service in the United Kingdom. Br J Med Econom 1993;6:99–110.

Cline CMJ Broms K Willenheimer R . Hospitalization and health care costs due to congestive heart failure in the elderly. Am J Ger Cardiol 1996;5:10–23.

Mark DB . Economics of treating heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:33H–8H.

O'Connell JB Bristow MR . Economic impact of heart failure in the United States: time for a different approach. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994;13:S107–12.

Rich MW Nease RF . Cost-effectiveness analysis in clinical practice. The case of heart failure. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1690–700.

Urden LD Casamento S Mitus M Terry M Arne ET . Heart failure: managing care and outcomes across the continuum. In: Flarey DL Smith BS , eds. Cardiovascular Outcomes. Collaborative, Path-Based Approaches. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc., 1998;48–61.

Balesky JR Provenzano LM . Collaborative development of a clinical pathway for congestive heart failure. J Healthcare Qual 1995;6:30–5, 38–9.

Cardozo L Ahrens S Steinberg J . Implementing a clinical pathway for congestive heart failure: experiences at a teaching hospital. Qual Manag Health Care 1998;1:1–2.

Hoskins LM Clark HM Schroeder MA Walton-Moss B Thiel L . A clinical pathway for congestive heart failure. Home Heathcare Nurs 2001;4:207–17.

Pearson SD Goulart-Fisher D Lee TH . Critical pathways as a strategy for improving care: problems and potential. Ann Intern Med 1995;12:941–8.

Kitchiner D Davidson C Bundred P . Integrated care pathways: effective tools for continuous evaluation of clinical practice. J Eval Clin Pract 1996;1:65–9.

Kitchiner D Bundred PE . Clinical pathways. A practical tool for specifying, evaluating and improving the quality of clinical practice. MJA 1999;170:54–5.

Every NR Hochman J Becker R Lopecky S Cannon CP . Critical pathways. A review. Circulation 2000;101:461–5.

Campbell H Hotchkiss R Bradshaw N Porteous M . Integrated care pathways. Br Med J 1998;316:133–7.

Weiland DE . Why use clinical pathways rather than practice guidelines? Am J Surg 1997;174:592–1.

Toman C Harrison MB Logan J . Clinical practice guidelines: necessary but not sufficient for evidence-based patient education and counseling. Patient Educ Couns 2001;3:279–87.

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. An Integrated Approach To Medical Staff Performance Improvement 2nd edn. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2000.

Weingarten S . Critical pathways: what do you do when they do not seem to work? Am J Med 2001;110:224–5.

Darer J Pronovost P Bass EB . Use and evaluation of critical pathways in hospitals. Eff Clin Pract 2002;3:114–19.

Hoffart N Cobb AK Clinical Pathways Study Group. Assessing clinical pathways use in a community hospital: it depends on what ‘use’ means. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 2002;4:167–79.

Philibin EF Rocco TA Jr Lynch LJ Rogers VA Jenckins P . Predictors and determinants of hospital length of stay in congestive heart failure in ten community hospitals. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997;5:548–55.

Pace KB Sakulkoo S Hoffart N Cobb AK . Barriers to successful implementation of a clinical pathway for CHF. J Healthc Qual 2002;5:32–8.

Ellrodt G Cook DJ Lee J Cho M Hunt D Weingarten S . Evidence-based disease management. JAMA 1997;278:1687–92.

Hunter D Farifield G . Managers' checklist: disease management. Health Serv J 1995;106:11–2.

Albert NM . Implementation strategies to manage heart failure outcomes. AACN Clin Issues 2000;3:396–411.

Hahn J Bishop G Fennell L . Integrating service excellence in a CHF clinical pathway pilot project. J Healthc Qual 2002;2:35–9, 44.

Gavazzi A Barsotti A Bianchi A . Linee guida per lo scompenso cardiaco. Report of the Task Force per la Stesura delle Linee guida sullo Scompenso Cardiaco in collaborazione con Associazione Nazionale Cardiologi Extraospedalieri (in Italian), 2000 http://www.e-drg.it/allegati/LguiHF.pdf.

Williams JF Fr Bristow MR Fowler MB . Guidelines for the evaluation and management of heart failure. Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1376–98.

The Task Force on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for the diagnosis of heart failure. Eur Heart J 1995;16:741–51.

The Task Force of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. The treatment of heart failure. Eur Heart J 1997;18:736–53.

Gheorghiade M Cody R Francis G McKenna WJ Young JB Bonow RO . Current medical therapy for advanced heart failure. Heart Lung 2000;1:16–32.

Hunt SA Baker DW Chin MH . ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure), American College of Cardiology, 2001, http://www.acc.org/clinical/guidelines/failure/hf_index.htm.

National Heart Foundation of Australia and The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Guidelines for management of the patient with chronic heart failure in Australia 2002, http://www.health.qld.gov.au/bcc/clinical_practice.htm.

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. National Library of Healthcare Indicators. Health Plan and Network Edition. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 1997.

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. The ORIX Initiative. Quality Indicator Project. ORYX Approved Measures. JCAHO, 1998, http://www.jcaho.org/perfmeas/oryx/20pct.htm.

Health Care Financing Administration. Heart Failure National Project Overview. 1999 HCFA Pub. No. 10156 15–17.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Quality Improvement Organization (QIO) Program. CMS National Surgical Infection Prevention (SIP) Project. Quality Indicators. http://www.cmri-ca.org/healthcarc_docs/7sowsummaries.pdf.

Jencks SF Cuerdon T Burwen DR . Quality of medical care delivered to Medicare beneficiaries. JAMA 2000;284:1670–6.

The Association of Maryland Hospitals & Health Systems. Quality Indicator Project. List of Performance Measures. Acute Care Indicator Set. Elkridge, MD: Maryland Hospital Association, 2000. http://www.qiproject.org/Brochure/IndAcute.pdf.

Fonarow GC . Quality indicators for the management of heart failure in vulnerable elders. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:694–702.

The Electronic College of Process Innovation. ABC Guidebook. Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 1995. http://www.c3i.osd.mil/bpr/bprcd/0201i.htm.

Swain LM . Learning is fundamental: the impact of education on successful clinical pathway implementation. J Healthc Qual 1999;2:11–15, quiz 15, 48.

Little AB Whipple TW . Clinical pathway implementation in the acute care hospital setting. J Nurs Care Qual 1996;2:54–61.

Bradshaw MJ . Clinical pathways: a tool to evaluate clinical learning. J Soc Pediatr Nurs 1999;1:37–40.

Chu S . Computerised clinical pathway as process quality improvement tool. Medinfo 2001;2:1135–9.

Discher CL Klein D Pierce L Levine AB Levine TB . Heart failure disease management: impact on hospital care, length of stay, and reimbursement. Congest Heart Fail 2003;2:77–83.

Rauh RA Schwabauer NJ Enger EL Moran JF . A community hospital-based congestive heart failure program: impact on length of stay, admission and re-admission rates, and cost. Am J Manag Care 1999;1:37–43.

Cardozo L Aherns S . Assessing the efficacy of a clinical pathway in the management of older patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure. J Healthcare Qual 1999;3:12–16, quiz 16-67.

Wooster LD Forthman MT . Establishing a proper perspective on clinical pathways before implementing a clinical improvement program. Best Pract Benchmarking Healthc 1996;2:84–8.

Marrie TJ Lau CY Wheeler SL Wong CJ Vandervoort MK Feagan BG . A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. JAMA 2000;283:749–55.

Sulch D Perez I Melbourn A Kalra L . Randomized controlled trial of integrated (managed) care pathway for stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 2000;31:1929–34.

Weingarten S . Critical pathways: what do you do when they do not seem to work? Am J Med 2001;110:224–5.

Stewart S Pearson S Horowitz JD . Effects of a home-based intervention among patients with congestive heart failure discharged from acute hospital care. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1067–72.

Stewart S Vandenbroek AJ Pearson S Horowitz JD . Prolonged beneficial effects of a home-based intervention on unplanned re-admissions and mortality among patients with congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:257–61.

Knox D Mischke L . Implementing a congestive heart failure disease management program to decrease length of stay and cost. J Cardiovasc Nurs 1999;1:55–74.

Jerant A Azari R Nesbitt TS . Reducing the cost of frequent hospital admissions for congestive heart failure. A randomised trial of a home telecare intervention. Med care 2001;11:1234–45.

Caldwell MA Dracup K . Team management of heart failure: the emerging role of exercise, and implications for cardiac rehabilitation centers. JCR 2001;21:273–9.

Dahlström U . Heart failure clinics: organization, development and experiences. Curr Opin Cardiol 2001;16:174–9.