The revised Belgian Youth Justice Act (YJA) (2006) is featured as a case study due to the important restorative justice dimensions that it has introduced. The legal system in Belgium is dominated by a civil law regime with a deep-seated tradition in youth justice characterized by an almost exclusively ‘treatment’-oriented approach. Whilst the implementation of the revised YJA has encountered some challenges, it has also revealed that it is possible to prioritize restorative processes within a conventional civil law regime. That being said, the fundamental change that the Act aspired to achieve is only made possible by the application of additional measures.
AcornA (2004) Compulsory Compassion: A Critique of Restorative Justice. Vancouver: UCB Press.
2.
AertsenI (2000) Victim–offender mediation in Belgium. In: European Forum for Victim-Offender Mediation and Restorative Justice (ed.) Victim–Offender Mediation in Europe: Making Restorative Justice Work. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 153–192.
BalcaenLVan RumstSVerlindenV (2008) Herstelrechtelijke en Constructieve Afhandelingen in Vlaanderen. Cijfernota 2008. Available at: www.steunpuntjeugdhulp.be.
5.
BraithwaiteJ (2002) Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6.
ChancerLMcLaughlinE (2007) Public criminologies. Diverse perspectives on academia and policy. Theoretical Criminology11(2): 155–173.
7.
ChristiaensJCartuyvelsY (2007) Le modèle perdu de la justice des mineurs en Belgique? Entre droit et protection, paternalisme et responsabilisation, gestion des risques et idéal de traitement. In: BailleauFCartuyvelsY (eds), La Justice Pénale des Mineurs en Europe. Entre Modèle Welfare et Inflexions Néo-libérales. Paris: L’Harmattan, 77–97.
8.
ChristiaensJNuytiensA (2009) Transfer of juvenile offenders to adult court in Belgium: Critical reflections on the reform of a moderate practice. Youth Justice9(2): 131–142.
9.
ClaesEMullensK (2009) In het teken van actief burgerschap: Herstelbemiddeling en vrijwilligerswerking. Nieuwsbrief Suggnome10(3): 14–19.
10.
ClaesMSpiesschaertFVan DijkCVanfraechemIVan GrunderbeeckS (2003) Alternative practices for juvenile justice in Flanders (Belgium): The case for mediation. In: WalgraveL (ed.) Repositioning Restorative Justice: Restorative Justice, Criminal Justice and Social Context. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 255–270.
11.
Contemporary Justice Review (2000), Special issue3(4).
12.
CouckJ-VTracquiH (2009) A partir de l’observation N°10: La réforme du champ d’action des sections jeunesse des Parquets sous l’angle de la déjudiciarisation. Brussels: CIDE. Available at: www.lecide.be/docs/Rapport_integral_recherche_CIDE.pdf.
13.
Council of Europe (2009) European rules for juvenile offenders subject to sanctions or measures. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
CurrieE (2007) Against marginality: Arguments for a public criminology. Theoretical Criminology11(2): 175–190.
16.
De SmetB (2010) Jeugdbeschermingsrecht in hoofdlijnen. Antwerp: Intersentia.
17.
DetryIGoedseelsEVannesteC (2010) Les chiffres des parquets de la jeunesse au grand jour. In: GazanFDe CraimCTraetsE (eds) Jeugddelinquentie op zoek naar passende antwoorden, Congresboek. Antwerpen/Apeldoorn: Maklu, 41–65.
18.
DignanJ (2005) Understanding victims and restorative justice. Maidenhead: McGraw Hill, Open University Press.
19.
FeldB (1993) Criminalizing the American juvenile court. In: TonryM (ed.) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Volume 17. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 197–280.
20.
FeldB (1999) Rehabilitation, retribution and restorative justice. In: BazemoreGWalgraveL (eds) Restorative Justice for Juveniles: Repairing the Harm by Youth Crime. Monsey (New York): Criminal Justice Press, 17–44.
21.
FranssensMPutJDeklerckJ (2010) Het Beleid van de jeugdmagistraat. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
22.
GarlandD (1985) Punishment and Welfare: A History of Penal Strategies. Aldershot: Gower.
23.
GarlandDSparksR (2000) Criminology, social theory and the challenge of our times. In: GarlandDSparksR (eds) Criminology and Social Theory, Clarendon Studies in Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–22.
24.
GoldsonBHughesG (2010) Sociological criminology and youth justice: Comparative policy analysis and academic intervention. Criminology & Social Justice10(2): 211–230.
KellensGBihainLVervoirA (2004) Protection de la jeunesse. Liège: University of Liège.
27.
LemonneAVanfraechemI (2005) Victim–offender mediation for juveniles in Belgium. In: MestitzAGhettiS (eds) Victim–Offender Mediation with Youth Offenders in Europe. Dordrecht: Springer, 181–208.
28.
McColdP. (2000) Toward a holistic vision of restorative juvenile justice: A reply to the maximalist model. Contemporary Justice Review3 (4): 357–414.
29.
McCordJSpatz WidomCCrowellN (eds) (2001) Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
30.
McGuireJPriestlyP (1995) Reviewing ‘What Works’: Past, present and future. In: McGuireJ (ed.) What Works: Reducing Reoffending. Chichester/New York: Wiley.
31.
MiersDWillemsensJ (eds) (2004) Mapping Restorative Justice: Developments in European Countries. Leuven: European Forum for Victim-Offender Mediation and Restorative Justice.
ParmentierSWalgraveLAertsenIMaesschalkJPaoliL (2011) The Sparking Discipline of Criminology: John Braithwaite and the Construction of Critical Social Science and Social Justice. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
34.
PembertonA (2010) The Cross-Over: An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of Victims of Crime, Ph-D. Univ. Utrecht. Apeldoorn/Antwerpen/Portland: Maklu.
35.
PutJ (2007) The juvenile justice system in Belgium. In: GiostraGPatanèV (eds) European Juvenile Justice Systems, Vol. I. Milano: Giuffrè Editore, 3–37.
36.
PutJ (2010) Handboek Jeugdbeschermingsrecht. Bruges: die Keure.
37.
PutJWalgraveL (2006) Belgium: From protection towards accountability? In: MuncieJGoldsonB (eds) Comparative Youth Justice. London/Thousand Oaks/New Delhi: SAGE, 111–126.
38.
SchelkensW (1998) Community service and mediation in the juvenile justice legislation in Europe. In: WalgraveL (ed.) Restorative Justice for Juveniles: Potentialities, Risks and Problems for Research. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 159–183.
39.
ScieurYVan DuürenFVan DuürenN (1991) Bilan de la Seconde Phase du Projet Expérimental de Résolution de Conflit en Matière de Protection de la Jeunesse. La Médiation Victime - Jeune Contrevenant. Louvain-La-Neuve, unpublished.
40.
SparksR (1997) Recent social theory and the study of crime and punishment. In:The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 409–435.
41.
SullivanDTiftL (2006) Introduction: the healing dimension of restorative justice: A one-world body. In: SullivanDTiftL (eds) Handbook of Restorative Justice. Abingdon: Routledge, 1–16.
42.
TonryMFarringtonD (1995) Strategic approaches to crime prevention. In: TonryMFarringtonD (eds) Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention, Crime and JusticeVol. 19. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1–20.
43.
TremblayRCraigW (1997) Developmental juvenile delinquency prevention. European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research (2): 33–49.
44.
UmbreitM.S. (1999) Avoiding the marginalization and ‘McDonaldization’ of victim–offender mediation: A case study in moving toward the mainstream. In: BazemoreGWalgraveL (eds) Restorative Juvenile Justice: Repairing the Harm of Youth Crime. Monsey: Willow Tree Press, 213–234.
45.
Van DijkJ (2007) Slachtoffers als zondebokken. Antwerpen: Maklu.
46.
Van DijkCDumortierEEliaertsC (2006) Survival of the protection model? Competing goals in Belgian juvenile justice. In: Junger-TasJDeckerSH. (eds) International Handbook of Juvenile Justice. Dordrecht: Springer, 187–223.
47.
Van DoosselaereD (2003) De bemiddeling dader-slachtoffer in de Franse Gemeenschap. Nieuwsbrief Suggnomè4(4): 3–7.
48.
Van DoosselaereD (2005) La médiation auteur mineur-victime: forme et conditions de la réforme. In: ChristiaensJDe FraeneDDelens-RavierI (eds) Protection de la Jeunesse. Formes et Réforme. Jeugdbescherming. Vormen en Hervormingen. Brussels: Bruylant, 207–218.
49.
Van DoosselaereDVanfraechemI (2010) Research, practice and policy partnerships. Empirical research on restorative justice in Belgium. In: VanfraechemIAertsenIWillemsensJ (eds) Restorative Justice Realities: Empirical Research in a European Context. Den Haag: Eleven International Publishing, 57–94.
50.
VanfraechemI (2005) Evaluating conferencing for serious juvenile delinquency. In: ElliottEGordonR (eds) Restorative Justice: Emerging Issues in Practice and Evaluation. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 278–295.
51.
VanfraechemI (2007) Herstelgericht Groepsoverleg. Brugge: die keure.
52.
Van GarsseL (2001) Praktijk en wetenschap. Drie bedrijven uit de ontwikkelingsgeschiedenis van een bemiddelingspraktijk. In: DupontL.HutsebautF (eds) Herstelrecht tussen toekomst en verleden, Liber Amicorum Tony Peters. Leuven: Leuven Universitaire Pers, 515–530.
53.
Van NessD (2002) Creating Restorative Systems. In: WalgraveL (ed.) Restorative Justice and the Law. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 130–149.
54.
von HirschA (1998) Penal theories. In: TonryM (ed.) The Handbook of Crime and Punishment. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 659–682.
55.
von HirschARobertsJBottomsARoachKSchiffM (eds) (2003) Restorative Justice & Criminal Justice. Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms?Oxford/Portland, OR: Hart Publishing.
56.
WalgraveL (ed.) (2002a) Restorative Justice and the Law. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
57.
WalgraveL (2002b) Juvenile justice in Belgium. In: WinterdykJ (ed.) Juvenile Justice Systems: International Perspectives. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press, 29–59.
58.
WalgraveL (2004) Restoration in youth justice. In: TonryMDoobA (eds) Youth Crime and Youth Justice: Comparative and Cross-national Perspectives, Crime and JusticeVol. 31. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 543–597.
WalgraveL (2008b) Criminology as I see it ideally. Address delivered by Em. Prof. Lode Walgrave on the occasion of his receipt of the 2008 European Criminology Award, Edinburgh 5 Sept. 2008. Newsletter of the European Society of Criminology7(3): 3, 15–17.
61.
WalgraveL (2011) Between evangelism and charlatanism: Reflections on the social responsibility of criminology and other social sciences. In: ParmentierSWalpoleLAertsenIMaesschalkJPaoliL (2011) The Sparking Discipline of Criminology: John Braithwaite and the Construction of Critical Social Science and Social Justice. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 11–31.
62.
WeijersINuytiensAChristiaensJ (2009) Transfers of minors to the criminal court in Europe: Belgium and the Netherlands. In: Junger-TasJDünkelF (eds), Reforming Juvenile Justice. Dordrecht: Springer, 105–124.
