Family carers’ experiences of nutritional care for people living with dementia at home: An interpretative phenomenological analysis

Abstract

Objectives

Few studies have captured the experiences of family carers who manage the nutritional needs of family members living with dementia at home. The identification and management of symptoms that may affect nutritional status is often reliant upon the family carer. This interpretative phenomenological study aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of the nutritional care of people living with dementia at home from the perspectives of the family members who support them.

Method

Semi-structured interviews were conducted between October 2017 and February 2018. Participants were also asked to keep a diary of experiences for two weeks before the interview. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach was used throughout.

Findings: Eight participants, with a mean age of 69.6 years residing in South West England were recruited and represented a range of familial roles. Following analysis, three superordinate themes were identified: ‘becoming carer and cook’, ‘changing role and relationships’ and ‘emotional eating’.

Conclusion

Family carers make food and drink decisions daily, and feel a duty to take on the responsibility for food shopping and cooking. They are conscious about ‘doing the right thing’ when it comes to providing nutritional care, and some feel uncertain about the food choices they are making, particularly regarding a reliance on convenience foods. Changes in appetite, food preferences and mealtime habits related to dementia can lead to disruption affecting the dyad. It is important that family carers and people living at home with dementia are provided with adequate support regarding identifying nutritional risks, making appropriate food and drink choices and preventing the risk of malnutrition in the dyad.

Keywords

dementia nutrition family carers interpretative phenomenological analysis living at home

Introduction

There are an estimated 50 million people living with dementia globally (World Health Organisation, 2017). For those living with dementia at home, family carers take on the responsibility of managing health, emotional and social needs. These can become more complex and demanding as the dementia progresses, and can have profound impacts on the individual and their family (Fauth & Gibbons, 2014).

For someone living with dementia, nutritional status can be affected in many ways including changes in memory, motor skills, taste, appetite and swallow function (Ikeda, Brown, Holland, Fukuhara, & Hodges, 2002; Kai et al., 2015). The symptoms will vary amongst individuals as dementia progresses, and may also be dependent on dementia type (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia) (van der Linde, Dening, Matthews, & Brayne, 2014). Family carers are often the first ones to identify nutritional issues. This is one element of care amongst many others that a carer, potentially with little experience or knowledge of dementia, may have to consider, increasing the risk of elevated levels of burden and stress, which may impact upon the quality of care provided, as well as emotional wellbeing (Brodaty & Donkin, 2009).

A recent scoping review identified three important factors which relate to the nutritional care of people living at home with dementia (Mole, Kent, Abbott, Wood, & Hickson, 2018). These included the timely identification of nutritional issues, regular monitoring of nutritional status and increased support and education for all types of carers and healthcare professionals involved with people living with dementia at home. This review highlighted that the physical and emotional complexities of the caregiving relationship, or ‘dyad’, can affect the nutritional status of the person with dementia and that of the carer.

There is a paucity of studies capturing the family carer’s experiences of managing the nutritional needs of the person with dementia, expressed in their own terms (as opposed to a set of predefined categories) (Smith, Flowers, & Larkin, 2009). The issues associated with eating and drinking in dementia, as reported by family carers, have been explored using semi-structured interviews (Ball et al., 2015; Hua-Chen, Hui-Chen, & Jing-Jy, 2013; Johansson, Björklund, Sidenvall, & Christensson, 2014; Silva, Kergoat, & Shatenstein, 2013). These studies described how coping strategies have been developed by family carers to adapt to feeding issues, which they found to be a significant challenge, and that little support was received from healthcare professionals. The aim of this research therefore was to understand the issues and concerns of family carers of people living with dementia at home relating to nutritional care in the UK setting. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was chosen as the research methodology. IPA seeks to examine, as far as is possible, the perceptions of the participant (Alase, 2017). However, the process also involves the interpretative activity of the researcher, otherwise known as ‘double hermeneutic’ (Smith et al., 2009). Therefore, in-depth interpretative accounts for a small number of participants are presented when using IPA, instead of a generalised account for a larger sample.

Methods

Study design

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants between October 2017 and February 2018. Participants were also asked to complete a record of their experiences two weeks prior to the interview using unstructured (i.e. not chronologically dependant) diary entries, to support their recollection during interviews.

The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research checklist was used during the design of this interview study, which supports ensuring quality reporting of important aspects of the methods, findings, analysis and interpretations (Tong, Sainsbury, & Craig, 2007).

Participants

Following ethical approval from the University of Plymouth Faculty of Health and Human Sciences Research Ethics Committee (16/17–778), the study was registered on the Join Dementia Research website (www.joindementiaresearch.nihr.ac.uk). Local carer groups and memory cafes were also approached and asked to advertise the study amongst their members. To be eligible for inclusion, participants were: family carers providing nutritional care to a family member living with dementia at home; able to take part in a semi-structured interview; able to record diary entries; and residing in South-West England. It was not a requirement that the family carer resided with the person living with dementia, so that a variety of familial relationships were explored. Written consent was provided prior to interview, and verbal consent was also audio recorded. Pseudonyms were used to protect participant identity.

Eight family carers volunteered to take part in the study and were either a spouse or child of the person with dementia (Table 1). The average time since diagnosis was 4.1 years, and the average age of family carer was 69.6 years.

Table 1.

Participant demographics.

Pseudonyms of family carer (age, years)	Sex (M/F)	Relationship to person being cared for	Type of dementia	Number of years since diagnosis (if known)
Anne (66)	F	Daughter caring for mother	Vascular dementia	12
Sarah (48)	F	Daughter caring for father	Alzheimer’s disease	3
Paul (77)	M	Husband caring for wife	Alzheimer’s disease	Unknown
Jeff (55)	M	Son caring for mother	Vascular dementia	2
Joyce (69)	F	Wife caring for husband	Alzheimer’s disease	2
Tony (79)	M	Husband caring for wife	Alzheimer’s disease	4
Stan (90)	M	Husband caring for wife	Alzheimer’s disease	2
Keith (73)	M	Husband caring for wife	Alzheimer’s disease	4

Data collection

Participants were interviewed at their own homes or on University premises according to their preferences. Interviews lasted between 16 and 53 minutes and were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. An interview schedule was developed and piloted and used for prompting where necessary. Topics included exploring the type of nutritional care participants provided, how they cope providing nutritional care and what they felt would support them. Blank diary templates (see supplemental file 1) were sent to the participants prior to the interview for recording mealtime experiences and were transcribed prior to analysis. Participants were asked to record thoughts around eating and drinking, and descriptions of mealtimes that they felt were particularly positive or challenging. Some participants referred to diary entries during the semi-structured interviews, using them as a prompt to provide further explanation and meaning. Some participants did not use the provided template, but diarised entries in their own preferred format. These were still included for analysis.

Analysis

Data were analysed in accordance with an IPA methodology by LM using NVivo 11 (QSR International, 2017) to aid coding and organise emergent themes. Each transcribed account and diary was read and re-read whilst listening to the semi-structured interview recording, ensuring that any new ideas and insights were generated (Hunt & Smith, 2004), and detailed notes on semantic content and language use were made. These collectively formed a new set of ‘source notes’ (Pietkiewicz & Smith, 2014). An iterative cycle was then taken to condense the notes into a few words, which captured the central meaning of the participants’ lived experience, from which themes were formed (Alase, 2017). Connections across themes were then identified before the next participant account was approached separately, and the themes that emerged from the previous case were ‘bracketed’ (Smith et al., 2009). A ‘break’ between analysing participant accounts and use of a reflexive diary supported the bracketing process. Bracketing enabled the researcher to place attitudes and assumptions to one side and focus on the participants account (Fischer, 2009). Once all accounts and diaries had been analysed, patterns across these were investigated, and sub-themes emerged. Super-ordinate themes were developed from the sub-themes that captured the shared experiences of the participants. These super-ordinate themes are constructs that apply to all participants, but may manifest in different ways within individual participant accounts (Smith et al., 2009). This systematic approach ensured traceability of the development of themes from participant’s original accounts and diaries. IPA provided an open, adaptable approach that enabled deeper understanding of participants’ experiences, particularly of those who may be in greatest need of support (Pringle, Drummond, McLafferty, & Hendry, 2011).

Author’s perspectives

LM led the interviews, transcription and analysis and kept a reflective diary throughout the process. The research team has clinical and qualitative research experience in the field of dementia and nutrition, and LM is a registered dietitian. Although LM’s profession was not communicated to participants prior to the interview, it was not purposively concealed, and emerged during some conversations. This enhanced discussions about the participant’s experiences of following nutritional guidelines and the challenges associated with this.

Findings

Three super-ordinate themes were developed by identifying patterns between sub-themes. These represent the interpretation of how participants experienced providing nutritional care to a family member with dementia (see Table 2).

Table 2.

Superordinate themes with sub-themes.

Becoming carer and cook	Changing role and relationships	Emotional eating
Adapting food provision Dietary changes for all Routine rules The carers experience	Evolving relationship Relationship strains Carer is now head chef Taking full control	Muddling through mealtimes Learning to adapt diet strategies Food guilt

These super-ordinate themes represent the complexities involved in supporting a family member with dementia and how carers strove for balance between daily ‘dilemmas’ and the positive aspects of dementia. They described how, as they transitioned into a caring role, their relationships with the person with dementia changed, particularly around mealtimes. These changes caused strains between dyads, with the carer accommodating personality changes of their spouse or parent. Roles were often ‘reversed’ in both a practical (e.g. taking on responsibility for cooking meals) and emotional sense (e.g. putting spouse or parent’s needs first). This ultimately resulted in the carer feeling responsible and taking control of the person with dementia’s needs, such as making decisions about food. The transitional journey of becoming a carer for someone living with dementia and the impact that this had on nutritional care are represented by the themes. The super-ordinate themes epitomise the increase in the emotional burden carers took on, often without choice, which involved feelings of constant guilt and worry about ‘doing the right thing’, particularly where nutritional care was concerned. Nutritional care can become subsumed within the encompassing carer role, with priority given to other issues such as dealing with forgetfulness and personality changes. Each super-ordinate theme is presented in detail, with supporting excerpts from the interviews and diary entries.

Becoming carer and cook

Becoming a ‘carer’ was a role that caregivers found themselves taking on without choice. This transition often happened quickly. This meant that family members did not have time to rationalise their new role and how this was juxtaposed with the role of spouse or child. As well as the caring role, participants also took on (or maintained) the role of cooking for the family. Thought needed to be given to selecting food, preparing it and presenting it to the family member with dementia.

Carers described how they felt they had little option or choice regarding caring for a family member. This dissolution of choice affected participants (often emotionally) and was prevalent in their accounts.

‘Yeah, but you have to, don’t you? It’s – I can’t not do it … I thought I could cope, and I think you do cope because you have to, when he’s here.’ (Joyce, interview)

‘Well, she doesn’t remember I suppose how to do things, or she’s become reliant on me to do it … it’s okay. I’ve gotten used to it. It’s what I’ve got to do.’ (Jeff, interview)

Allowing the person with dementia to have choice over what they ate was particularly important for Anne, who was keen to implement her mother’s own views expressed at a time before dementia. It was important to her to make that memory a reality, as her mother was unable to do so. Anne endeavoured to ‘liberate’ her mother’s diet, and not impose restrictions.

‘My mum said at the time when people are old, they should be allowed to eat what they like … So, I have that memory in my mind. So, I give her what she likes … if she’s not hungry, she might have a bit of cake, and I don’t care because it’s what she wants.’ (Anne, interview)

Routine was perceived as an essential component of effective care, and was described by carers as a positive achievement or something to strive towards. It was a success criterion of their new role, which brought structure, reducing the likelihood of unplanned and unexpected events. Food shopping was viewed as a new routine adopted by male carers; however, the women with dementia were purposefully excluded from this task as their presence was perceived as a hindrance. This suggests that these carers preferred to complete these tasks rapidly and see them as something that ‘needed to be done’. The person with dementia was excluded from this routine task, even if they had spent many years doing the food shopping for the household, and perhaps found the task enjoyable.

‘Got into a routine of doing things. … I go and do the shopping on a Friday, but I don’t take her with me because she was wandering off and stuff, so it’s quicker, easier for me to just go and do it on my own and come back and pack it away.’ (Jeff, interview)

‘It’s difficult in a supermarket. I prefer to go shopping by myself now, because that sorts that.’ (Paul, interview)

Dementia can result in feeling a loss of independence for both the person living with it and the family carer. Ironically, even though the carer may decide to take away an element of independence from the person with dementia (e.g. revoking their driving license), they experienced a loss of their own independence as a result (e.g. having to give up hobbies).

‘Oh, I’m feeling doors closing all the time … that’s the sort of thing we were doing only four or five years ago. That’s all tailed off now.’ (Keith, interview)

‘I used to rise early and do stuﬀ before Emily got up. Now am constricted in time to do my things due to sorting Emily. Have to attend to my and Emily’s routine medical challenges, so suﬀer from as less time for physical activity and keeping up with friends and relations. Frustrating.’ (Paul, diary)

Carers learnt to make adaptations to help them cope in difficult situations when supporting a family member with dementia. As their role evolved, they created strategies and developed routines in an effort to reduce the time spent in caring activities. They often needed to work around the person with dementia’s routine, which took precedence. An example of an adaptation is mealtime planning, where shortcuts were considered necessary to ensure that there was minimal interruption to important routines.

‘I’ll try and cook properly a couple of days and other days it will be quick and easy stuff, just because it’s quick and easy … Because mum likes watching all the news quite a lot … I’ve got to fit it around that … I’ve got to get out and do that while that’s going on. Try and fit in with her really.’ (Jeff, interview)

The role of family carer was complex and involved balancing many practical elements as well as making moral decisions. Food shopping was an example where family carers took a ‘task-based’ approach in order to ‘get things done quickly’. Routine seemed to help family carers, and they made adaptations to cater for the person they were caring for.

Changing role and relationships

The caring role can result in unforeseen changes within relationships, and this presented difficulties for carers to deal with. The carer and familial relationship roles did not seem to exist harmoniously and there was unease associated with the term ‘carer’. Although caring for a family member resulted in taking more control, more responsibility and becoming the primary decision maker, participants felt demoted and undervalued.

The person with dementia became the primary concern, and the carer’s needs were de-prioritised. This presented a challenge for carers in terms of how they accepted and managed this disruption, particularly around food provision, to what was once an equal marital partnership.

‘I just find it up until 18 months ago, I couldn’t take this word carer. It was just too alien. She was my wife. I still find it difficult comprehending this term carer. But it’s a fact. One is caring for or helping or looking after or whatever.’ (Tony, interview)

‘Anybody who we have a contact with where necessary knows that she’s got dementia. So as soon as we see anybody it’s always, how’s Maureen? Then if it’s about me it’s, how are you managing with Maureen?’ (Stan, interview)

This demotion was a source of frustration for carers, as they felt as though their family member’s dementia diagnosis took precedent. They argued, in fact, that when considering changes to nutritional intake, they recognised more changes in their own diet than the person they are caring for. These changes were not always seen as positive and affected the quality of the mealtime experience for the carer.

‘But, yes, my mum struggles because things that they’ve always had for meals, he won’t touch anymore. So, if she bought lamb chops or something, he won’t touch that any more. He doesn’t like it … So now she finds herself eating quite blandly, quite boring, not as much.’ (Sarah, interview)

‘Before mum came to live with us we never ate any ‘convenience’ food or anything from a packet.’ (Anne, diary)

Family members who are caring for a parent felt duty bound to take on this role, and they recognised an element of role reversal taking place. The adult child recognised that the parent once met their physical and emotional needs and felt obliged to do the same.

‘Well, I’m flesh and blood so I’ve got to do it. She’s brought me up when I was a child and baby and all that. A little bit of role reversal I suppose. I just carry on looking after her, looking after her interests.’ (Jeff, interview)

This care role extended further, ensuring that meals were prepared exactly how the person with dementia wanted them. Taking the effort to meet these standards did increase the amount of food the person with dementia ate, alleviating concerns for the family carer.

‘Mum likes mayonnaise with many things and is fussy about sandwiches being just how she likes them – it makes the difference between her eating or not eating something if you get it right’. (Anne, diary)

The role reversal can impact upon the person with dementia as well as the carer. Men may once have had the traditional role of ‘head of the family’, and women may have taken the lead role during special occasions (e.g. Christmas lunch). Their confidence to continue in this role can be diminished by dementia. Where family meals were once an occasion to look forward to, these no longer take place. The disappearance of this positive family ‘ritual’ can affect the emotional significance of mealtimes for the whole family, as well as affecting nutritional intake.

‘But now he just doesn’t have an interest in food like he perhaps used to. He used to like it when we had a roast dinner and he’d carve the meat, and he can’t do any of that anymore. I don’t know whether it’s his own knowledge that he can’t do things to help or whether it’s just the fact he doesn’t have an appetite anymore.’ (Sarah, interview)

‘[She] used to do all the cooking. She’s done Christmas lunches and things like that. She hasn’t got a chance of doing them now. She can’t sequence anything and everything. She wanders off and leaves things.’ (Paul, interview)

For husbands who are caring for their wives with dementia, there was a marked transition in the role of food provider for the household. This was embraced with varying degrees of experience, but they felt a sense of responsibility to ensure an adequate and balanced nutritional intake.

‘On retiring, I took over some of the things but basically, she was head cook and I was bottle washer and vegetable peeler and so on … I decided I’d have to take over the cooking at some stage, so the idea in my mind was that I would gradually take over some of the meals each week from her, but somehow it clicked in her mind and it became me all the time, which is fine, you know. I’m happy enough doing that. So, I do the shopping, the cooking, all of that sort of stuff.’ (Keith, interview)

Conversely, where women cared for husbands with dementia, although they maintained their traditional role of main food provider, this was diminished as a result of their husband’s change in food preferences. Where once they held the matriarchal role in terms of providing food for the family, their efforts were perceived to be unappreciated and this made them feel undervalued and redundant. Sarah noticed this with her mother, who lives with her husband, who has dementia.

‘… but my mum feels a bit, well it’s all microwave meals. She doesn’t feel like she’s involved in the cooking there, really … It’s been almost her role to do that and seeing that potentially [Dad’s] not, I suppose appreciating is the wrong word, but he’s pushing things away when she’s gone to the effort to… She feels very down about it herself …’ (Sarah, interview)

When a family member became a carer for someone with dementia, they felt that their needs were often de-prioritised, particularly with regards to their own diet. They felt obliged to make adaptations to meals for the benefit of the person with dementia, but not necessarily themselves. Where the person with dementia may have particular requirements regarding food, these were met without question in the hope that they were more likely to consume more. Traditions involving food were affected by matriarchal and patriarchal role changes, which saddened family carers.

Emotional eating

Having a family member diagnosed with dementia brought daily food and drink dilemmas, which were sometimes difficult for family carers to manage. These predicaments were characterised by the emotional impact they had upon the carer, particularly when they felt that an important component of their relationship had been lost.

Monitoring fluid intake was an example that one carer, Tony, used to explain how he now needed to oversee how much his wife drinks. Whilst recalling the example, he described how his wife no longer remembered how he takes his cup of tea which upset him. This illustrates how dementia can have a profound impact upon daily tasks that are often taken for granted.

‘She enjoys a glass of wine in the evening. But I’ve got to watch her a little bit now. She’s always been very much a one glass in the evening and now I see she will refresh that glass. I’m just a bit conscious of that. I’ll just keep an eye on that. Because I don’t think she realises she’s had a drink and that’s the dilemma. Same with tea. She’ll constantly ask about – and would you believe it, after 54 years of marriage, she asked me, do you take sugar, Tony, in your tea? It hurts actually.’ (Tony, interview)

Carers were conscious about ‘doing the right thing’, whilst trying to eliminate a guilty conscience about making their family member unhappy in the process. This was particularly applicable to decisions regarding food, where a particular food that was deemed by the carer to be ‘unhealthy’ in terms of nutritional content, may also bring pleasure and joy to the person with dementia.

‘So, I’m conscious of that. Should I be buying these things where she – like biscuits and things of that nature. But she obviously enjoys it. So, I’ve got a dilemma there in terms of should I get this or shouldn’t I? Should I hide it away or shouldn’t I?’ (Tony, interview)

Balancing the feelings of guilt with providing a healthy diet for the person with dementia led to frustration for the family carers.

‘So I don’t know, from a nutritional point of view, it’s trying to get the balance right and especially – even if you try and put a nutritionally balanced meal in front of him, he might not eat it. So we can try and give him things that we think he’d like.’ (Sarah, interview)

Amongst the difficult aspects of caring for someone with dementia, carers recognised the positive components of their role. Some mealtimes brought joy and humour, providing light relief in an otherwise challenging environment. Carers who recognised positive aspects of their situation tended to feel that they were coping better. They strove to maintain a positive demeanour despite their situation and were more accepting of the caring role.

‘She likes potatoes but she doesn’t like them in the pie. So, we always have this, is this one of those Yorkshire things? Where are the potatoes? In the pie? What, in the pie? (laughter) Every time, because of the dementia. Every time. It just makes us laugh.’ (Anne, interview)

The nutritional care a family member provided to a loved one with dementia was underpinned by a range of emotions. They tried to manage these emotions whilst feeling that they had to supervise the food and drink intake of the person they are caring for. They tried to balance feelings of guilt regarding the nutritional value of the food they provided, whilst wanting to ensure the person with dementia still enjoyed food and drink. Amongst the negative emotions, there was lightness and fun in mealtimes shared with someone with dementia.

Discussion

The aim of this study was to explore the family carers’ experiences, expressed in the participants’ own terms, providing an alternative view to a clinical perspective of nutritional care in dementia. To the best of our knowledge, these findings contribute the first detailed interpretative phenomenological account of the experience and perceptions of nutritional care for those living at home with dementia based on family carers’ own descriptions. The personal accounts highlight three superordinate themes central to this experience.

There is increased responsibility that comes with caring for a family member with dementia, particularly where nutritional health is concerned. Convenience foods were used by some as a coping strategy to meet the time demands of fitting into routines, as well as for those carers who were inexperienced with cooking. These foods were viewed by carers as sub-standard, and concerns expressed over whether they were providing adequate nutrients. There is limited research regarding the nutritional adequacy of convenience food for people living with dementia; however, some studies have included home-dwelling older adults as participants, also finding that this group tend to associate negative meanings with convenience food (Peura-Kapanen, Jallinoja, & Kaarakainen, 2017). Although a reliance on foods such as ready-meals may not provide adequate nutrients to meet nutritional requirements (Howard, Adams, & White, 2012), they remain an important source of nutrition for many vulnerable older adults. Dietitians and nutritionists should be involved during ready-meal formulation, as well as acting in an advisory capacity to support appropriate choice of meals, which would be a potential method of addressing nutritional deficiencies in this population (Hoffman, 2017).

To deal with the day-to-day tasks that caring for a family member with dementia involves, many carers rely on a routine or task-based model of care provision. Food and drink becomes a function and any emotional attachment lost. Within the nursing profession, task-based care is perceived as unable to fulfil true person-centred care (Sharp, McAllister, & Broadbent, 2018). Relationship-based care is a model of nursing care delivery that focuses on the care provider’s relationship with the care recipient, with themselves and with colleagues (Koloroutis, 2004, p. 4). Family carers could be supported to provide elements of relationship-based care, which could result in improved health outcomes for the carer and person being cared for. This may enable food to be enjoyed together as part of the relationship, rather than a cause for concern.

Carers expressed how mealtimes had become frustrating, due to behaviour changes of the family member with dementia. The severity of behavioural changes in people with dementia may predict an increase in feelings of ‘role overload’ amongst family carers (Gaugler, Davey, Pearlin, & Zarit, 2000). The balance between wanting to provide nutritious meals, but also to ensure that the person with dementia continues to enjoy food has been identified in other studies involving family carers (Keller, Edward, & Cook, 2006). Mealtimes for these carers are at risk of becoming an occasion that is feared, or even avoided. This is of particular concern, as mealtimes have been shown to provide rich opportunities for social interaction that can be supportive for someone with dementia (Keller, Martin, Dupuis, Reimer, & Genoe, 2015). Family carers were upset that the person with dementia no longer wanted to take the lead role in family occasions involving food. This could be explained by the changes caused by dementia, such as struggling to remember meaningful roles. (Genoe et al., 2010). Male carers caring for female relatives describe how they have taken full control of food provision in the household, including shopping for food. It has been reported that they do not feel obligated to take on this role, rather that it is an opportunity to reciprocate care (Atta-Konadu, Keller, & Daly, 2011). This activity rarely involved the person living with dementia due to carers feeling stressed and frustrated if they were present. Engaging in everyday tasks, however, such as food shopping, can promote continuity as well as having positive impacts on personhood and quality of life (Phinney, Chaudhury, & O’Connor D, 2007). Allowing someone with dementia to continue engagement in domestic activities can also improve wellbeing and is an example of relationship-based care, where family carers play a pivotal role in facilitating this in the own home setting (Chung, Ellis-Hill, & Coleman, 2017). Family carers require support with involving a family member with dementia in everyday tasks such as food shopping or cooking. This would also be an opportunity to provide guidance regarding the selection and preparation of suitable food choices that meet the dyads nutritional needs.

Some family carers noticed changes in their own diets as a result of the dietary changes of the person with dementia. These changes were not always viewed as positive; however, they accepted them as part of the caring role. The increased burden associated with caring for a family member has been found to predict weight loss in people with Alzheimer’s disease (Bilotta, Bergamaschini, Arienti, Spreafico, & Vergani, 2010; Gillette-Guyonnet et al., 2000). Similarly, a positive correlation has been identified between the malnutrition risk of people living with Alzheimer’s disease and their family carer (Rullier, Lagarde, Bouisson, Bergua, & Barberger‐Gateau, 2013; Tombini et al., 2016). Researchers and healthcare professionals should consider not only the nutritional care for the person living with dementia, but also that of the family carer.

Considering nutritional needs is one element in the myriad of caring duties for someone with dementia. Progressive loss of cognitive function leads to additional support being required with Activities of Daily Living: bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting, walking and eating (Prizer & Zimmerman, 2018). As highlighted in the present study, some family carers take a ‘trial and error’ approach to adapting diet strategies in an attempt to meet the nutritional needs of the person with dementia. This approach has also been found to be taken with wider aspects of care (Gaugler, Kane, Kane, & Newcomer, 2005). Eating disturbances could be argued to be one of the more complex care needs, as it can be impacted by functional, cognitive and behavioural symptoms of dementia, although is often referred to as a single symptom, which could undermine the overall impact (van der Linde et al., 2014).

Dyadic multicomponent interventions have been explored by some studies and could improve carer burden and relationship quality compared with carer-focused interventions (Laver, Milte, Dyer, & Crotty, 2016; Moon & Adams, 2012). Nutritional interventions focused on supporting family carers and people living at home with dementia have been explored and shown benefits short-term (Mole et al., 2018). Although no studies have focused on adherence to dietary strategies for people with dementia, older adults who have experienced support from others have described developing a liberated approach to eating and drinking, which has enabled them to maintain healthy behaviours (Greaney, Lees, Greene, & Clark, 2004). Liberation of diet for people living with dementia is an area that warrants further exploration, particularly as dietary preferences can change with associated changes in the person with dementia.

Strengths and limitations

This is the first study to report the experiences of dementia on nutritional intake from carers of people living with dementia at home in the UK. Using a diary method combined with semi-structured interviews enabled a deeper understanding of the caring experiences encountered by family carer’s regarding nutritional care. However, there are disadvantages to using a diary method, including the time burden placed upon already busy carers, and the reliance upon participants having the appropriate literacy or technological skills. Some participants kept very thorough diaries (and reported that they found the process cathartic), however others were unable to keep a diary due to time constraints. Caregivers were mainly recruited through the Join Dementia Research network (www.joindementiaresearch.nihr.ac.uk) and therefore already had an interest in taking part in dementia research, which could have imparted volunteer bias. The duration of some of the interviews may be considered short for a phenomenological study. This was due to the interviews reaching a natural end, with no new accounts being provided by participants. Finally, this study only explored the family carer experience of mealtimes. The results therefore do not give a full description of the experience for the dyad, which could be explored further by including the person with dementia in the interviews.

Conclusion

This study presents detailed interpretative phenomenological accounts of the experience and perceptions of nutritional care for those living at home with dementia based on family carers’ own descriptions. The essence of this phenomenon is captured within three superordinate themes: ‘becoming carer and cook’, ‘changing role and relationships’ and ‘emotional eating’. As family carers transition into the role of carer, they make difficult decisions daily (including food and drink choices). They may decide to exclude the person with dementia in activities such as food shopping, which could otherwise be a beneficial and meaningful activity. Dementia-related changes in appetite, food preferences and mealtime habits can lead to disruption and frustration for carers, which can affect their own nutritional intake. Family members feel that it is their duty to take control of food provision, regardless of the type of relationship with the person with dementia. They are conscious about ‘doing the right thing’ when it comes to providing nutritional care, and some feel uncertain about the food choices they are making, particularly regarding a reliance on convenience foods. The findings reinforce the importance of ensuring family carers and people living at home with dementia are provided with adequate support regarding identifying nutritional risks, making appropriate food and drink choices and preventing the risk of malnutrition in the dyad. Healthcare professionals may be best placed to provide this support, and future research should focus on their role in this context.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for Family carers’ experiences of nutritional care for people living with dementia at home: An interpretative phenomenological analysis

Supplemental Material for Family carers’ experiences of nutritional care for people living with dementia at home: An interpretative phenomenological analysis by Louise Mole, Mary Hickson, Bridie Kent Rebecca Abbott in Dementia

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Join Dementia Research team and local Memory café volunteers for assisting with recruiting participants for this study. The time and involvement of participants is also acknowledged.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula (NIHR CLAHRC South West Peninsula), now recommissioned as NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) South West Peninsula. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

Louise Mole is a registered dietitian and PhD candidate at the University of Plymouth in the UK. She has an interest in nutrition support and the nutritional care of people living at home with dementia. Her PhD is funded by The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care in the South West Peninsula (PenCLAHRC), now recommissioned as NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) South West Peninsula, as part of the ‘building research capacity in dementia care’ programme.

Mary Hickson is professor in dietetics at the University of Plymouth, UK, where she leads the development and implementation of research within the Dietetic Team, and supports research within the Faculty, by coordinating and undertaking research activity, encouraging collaborative working, securing research funding and building the Faculty’s reputation internationally. She is also a Co-Director of the Torbay and South Devon Clinical School and the Deputy Director of the Institute of Health and Community. Her research interests fall broadly into two categories: nutrition and ageing, and dietetic practice.

Bridie Kent is Interim Executive Dean for the Faculty of Health and Human Sciences at the University of Plymouth, UK. She is also Director of the Centre for Innovations in Health and Social Care (University of Plymouth): a Joanna Briggs Centre of Excellence. Her research interests include: knowledge translation and decision making in clinical nursing, nursing and midwifery workforce issues, including role development, and chronic Illness with a particular interest in organ donation and transplantation.

Rebecca Abbott is a senior research fellow within the Evidence Synthesis Team of PenCLAHRC (now recommissioned as NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) South West Peninsula) at the University of Exeter Medical School. She leads and supports evidence synthesis and systematic reviews on a wide variety of health services related research. The team has a particular focus on reviews related to the care of older adults, and in particular, older adults with dementia.

References

Alase

(2017). The interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): A guide to a good qualitative research approach. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 5, 11. DOI: 10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.2p.9

Atta-Konadu

Keller

H. H.

Daly

(2011). The food-related role shift experiences of spousal male care partners and their wives with dementia. Journal of Aging Studies, 25, 305–315. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2010.11.002

Ball

Jansen

Desbrow

Morgan

Moyle

Hughes

(2015). Experiences and nutrition support strategies in dementia care: Lessons from family carers. Nutrition & Dietetics, 72, 22–29. DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12107

Bilotta

Bergamaschini

Arienti

Spreafico

Vergani

(2010). Caregiver burden as a short-term predictor of weight loss in older outpatients suffering from mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: A three months follow-up study. Aging & Mental Health, 14, 481–488. DOI: 10.1080/13607860903586128

Brodaty

Donkin

(2009). Family caregivers of people with dementia. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 217–228.

Chung

P. Y. F.

Ellis-Hill

Coleman

(2017). Supporting activity engagement by family carers at home: Maintenance of agency and personhood in dementia. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 12, 1267316. DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2016.1267316

Fauth, E. B., & Gibbons, A. (2014). Which behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are the most problematic? Variability by prevalence, intensity, distress ratings, and associations with caregiver depressive symptoms. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29, 263–271.

Fischer

C. T.

(2009). Bracketing in qualitative research: Conceptual and practical matters. Psychotherapy Research, 19, 583–590. DOI: 10.1080/10503300902798375

Gaugler

J. E.

Davey

Pearlin

L. I.

Zarit

S. H.

(2000). Modeling caregiver adaptation over time: The longitudinal impact of behavior problems. Psychology and Aging, 15, 437. DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.437

10.

Gaugler

J. E.

Kane

R. L.

Kane

R. A.

Newcomer

(2005). The longitudinal effects of early behavior problems in the dementia caregiving career. Psychology and Aging, 20, 100–116. DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.100

11.

Genoe

Dupuis

S. L.

Keller

H. H.

Martin

L. S.

Cassolato

Edward

H. G.

(2010). Honouring identity through mealtimes in families living with dementia. Journal of Aging Studies, 24, 181–193. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2010.02.001

12.

Gillette-Guyonnet

Nourhashemi

Andrieu

de Glisezinski

Ousset

P. J.

Riviere

, … Vellas

(2000). Weight loss in Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71, 637S–642S. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.2.637s

13.

Greaney

M. L.

Lees

F. D.

Greene

G. W.

Clark

P. G.

(2004). What older adults find useful for maintaining healthy eating and exercise habits. Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly, 24, 19–35. DOI: 10.1300/J052v24n02_03

14.

Hoffman

(2017). Micronutrient deficiencies in the elderly – Could ready meals be part of the solution? Journal of Nutritional Science, 6, e2. DOI: 10.1017/jns.2016.42

15.

Howard

Adams

White

(2012). Nutritional content of supermarket ready meals and recipes by television chefs in the United Kingdom: Cross sectional study. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 345. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e7607

16.

Hua-Chen

Hui-Chen

Jing-Jy

(2013). Features of problematic eating behaviors among community-dwelling older adults with dementia: Family caregivers' experience. Geriatric Nursing, 34, 361–365. DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2013.06.010

17.

Hunt

Smith

J. A.

(2004). The personal experience of carers of stroke survivors: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 26, 1000–1011. DOI: 10.1080/09638280410001702423

18.

Ikeda, M., Brown, J., Holland, A. J., Fukuhara, R., & Hodges, J. R. (2002). Changes in appetite, food preference, and eating habits in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 73, 371–376

19.

Johansson

Bj örklund

Sidenvall

Christensson

(2014). Spouses’ experiences of mealtimes with a partner suffering from dementia. The Journal of Aging Research & Clinical Practice, 3, 237–244.

20.

Kai, K., Hashimoto, M., Amano, K., Tanaka, H., Fukuhara, R., & Ikeda, M. (2015). Relationship between Eating Disturbance and Dementia Severity in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. PLOS ONE, 10, e0133666.

21.

Keller

H. H.

Edw ard

H. G.

Cook

(2006). Mealtime experiences of families with dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 21, 431–438. DOI: 10.1177/1533317506294601

22.

Keller

H. H.

Martin

L. S.

Dupuis

Reimer

Genoe

(2015). Strategies to support engagement and continuity of activity during mealtimes for families living with dementia: A qualitative study. BMC Geriatrics, 15, 119. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-015-0120-2

23.

Koloroutis

(2004). Relationship-based care: A model for transforming practice. Eden Prairie, MN: Creative Health Care Management Inc.

24.

Laver

Milte

Dyer

Crotty

(2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing carer focused and dyadic multicomponent interventions for carers of people with dementia. Journal of Aging and Health, 29, 1308–1349. DOI: 10.1177/0898264316660414

25.

Mole

Kent

Abbott

Wood

Hickson

(2018). The nutritional care of people living with dementia at home: A scoping review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 26: e485–e496. DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12540

26.

Moon

Adams

K. B.

(2012). The effectiveness of dyadic interventions for people with dementia and their caregivers. Dementia, 12, 821–839. DOI: 10.1177/1471301212447026

27.

Peura-Kapanen

Jallinoja

Kaarakainen

(2017). Acceptability of convenience food among older people. SAGE Open, 7. DOI: 10.1177/2158244017698730

28.

Phinney

Chaudhury

O’Connor

D. L.

(2007). Doing as much as I can do: The meaning of activity for people with dementia. Aging & Mental Health, 11, 384–393. DOI: 10.1080/13607860601086470

29.

Pietkiewicz

Smith

J. A.

(2014). A practical guide to using interpretative phenomenological analysis in qualitative research psychology. Psychological Journal, 20, 7–14.

30.

Pringle

Drummond

McLafferty

Hendry

(2011). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: A discussion and critique. Nurse Researcher, 18, 20–24. DOI: 10.7748/nr2011.04.18.3.20.c8459

31.

Prizer

L. P.

Zimmerman

(2018). Progressive support for activities of daily living for persons living with dementia. The Gerontologist, 58, S74–S87. DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnx103

32.

QSR International (2017). NVivo 11 (Version 11.4.1.1064 (64-bit)).

33.

Rullier

Lagarde

Bouisson

Bergua

Barberger‐Gateau

(2013). Nutritional status of community‐dwelling older people with dementia: Associations with individual and family caregivers’ characteristics. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28, 580–588. DOI: 10.1002/gps.3862

34.

Sharp

McAllister

Broadbent

(2018). The tension between person centred and task focused care in an acute surgical setting: A critical ethnography. Collegian, 25, 11–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.colegn.2017.02.002

35.

Silva

Kergoat

M. J.

Shatenstein

(2013). Challenges in managing the diet of older adults with early-stage Alzheimer dementia: A caregiver perspective. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 17, 142–147. DOI: 10.1007/s12603-012-0385-.

36.

Smith

J. A.

Flowers

Larkin

(2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. London, UK: SAGE.

37.

Tombini

Sicari

Pellegrino

Ursini

Insarda

Di Lazzaro

(2016). Nutritional status of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 54, 1619–1627. DOI: 10.3233/jad-160261

38.

Tong

Sainsbury

Craig

(2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19, 349–357. DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzm042

39.

van der Linde

R. M.

Dening

Matthews

F. E.

Brayne

(2014). Grouping of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29, 562–568. DOI: 10.1002/gps.4037

40.

World Health Organisation (2017). Dementia factsheet. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.08 MB