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Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess in practice whether assistive technologies support and facilitate the work of a family caregiver or care staff, and whether these technologies support the independence of a person with a memory disorder. A comprehensive set of supportive devices and alarm systems were experimentally tested in the care of five test subjects in an assisted living facility by eight nurses, and in the care of four test subjects in a home environment by three family caregivers and one care team. Questionnaires, diaries and logged data were used to evaluate the benefits of the devices. Simple aids and alarm systems that did not need much adjusting were considered most useful by caregivers and nurses, though multiple false alarms occurred during the test period. Technical connection problems, complex user interface, and inadequate sound quality were the primary factors reducing the utility of the tested devices. Further experimental research is needed to evaluate the utility of assistive technologies in different stages of a memory disorder.

Keywords

assistive technology dementia care independent life smart healthcare alarms and supporting tools

Introduction

The number of people with a memory disorder is expected to increase greatly in the near future (World Health Organization (WHO), 2015). Age-related memory disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia, are progressive diseases and their symptoms vary widely among individuals (Alzheimer's Society, 2015a). Current treatment may alleviate the symptoms, but did not cure the condition or stop its progress. A person who suffers from one of these memory disorders needs increasing assistance (Alzheimer's Society, 2015b). Providing this assistance can cause considerable strain to both family caregivers and nursing staff (Adelman, Tmanova, Delgado, Dion, & Lachs, 2014; Morgan, Semchuk, Stewart, & D'Arcy, 2002). Social isolation, lack of choice in being a caregiver, female sex, financial stress, and low educational attainment were found as risk factors for a family caregiver burden (Adelman et al., 2014).

In this article Assistive Technologies (AT) refer to products, equipment, and systems designed for use by people with a memory disorder and also by their caregivers, for the purpose of enhancing their daily living. Numerous assistive devices and alarm systems are available for people with dementia (Gibson et al., 2014; Gibson, Dickinson, Brittain, & Robinson, 2015; Stakes, 2008). The utility of portable one-button personal alarms (Personal Emergency Response Systems (PERS)) in real world is limited due to the reluctance of users in using their alarm system to call for help (Fleming, Brayne, & Cambridge City, 2008; Heinbüchner, Hautzinger, Becker, & Pf, 2010). This has led to the development of automated alarm systems, such as fall detectors (Jämsä, Kangas, Vikman, Nyberg, & Korpelainen, 2014; Noury, Rumeau, Bourke, & ÓLaighi, 2008) and unobtrusive integrated systems with wireless sensors (Rosetta, 2015). Devices such as simple touch screen video communication devices (Astell et al., 2010; Boman, Lundberg, Starkhammar, & Nygard, 2014), calendar clocks for time management, reminiscence aids, and games for entertainment (Gibson et al., 2014) are also available. The multiple sensors in wireless mobile devices provide possibilities to develop applications for care of people with dementia, for example global positioning system (GPS) applications to prevent wandering and getting lost (Bin Xiao, Asghar, Jamsa, & Pulii, 2013; Sposaro, Danielson, & Tyson, 2010).

The utilization of AT in the care of people with a memory disorder is considered positive (Pilotto et al., 2011; Rosenberg, Kottorp, & Nygård, 2012). Caregivers and nursing staff play an important role in adopting a device as a part of everyday life (Gibson et al., 2015). They would benefit from the easier monitoring and increased independence of a person with a memory disorder, increased safety, unobtrusive observation, and reduction of fears and worries (Olsson, Engstrom, Skovdahl, & Lampic, 2012; Pilotto et al., 2011; Rosenberg et al., 2012). The AT is considered important factor in retention of existing skills (Rosenberg et al., 2012). There are few experimental research results from benefits of using AT in elderly homecare (Martin, Kelly, Kernohan, McCreight, & Nugent, 2008; Pietrzak, Cotea, & Pullman, 2014).

The Joint Municipal Authority of Wellbeing in Raahe District (Finland) is responsible for the social care and healthcare in Raahe and two other nearby municipalities. A new pilot test site (MemoryHelp apartment) has been developed in conjunction with an assisted living facility for enabling assessment of existing devices and systems in practice, in order to improve the care of people with memory disorders and reduce institutional care. This MemoryHelp apartment is equipped with a comprehensive set of supportive devices and alarm systems. The selection process has been described elsewhere (Nauha et al., 2015).

The goal of this study was to assess (1) whether AT can support and facilitate the work of care staff, (2) whether AT can support and facilitate the work of a family caregiver, and (3) whether AT can support the independence and security of a person with memory disorder.

Materials and methods

A set of AT was experimentally tested in the MemoryHelp apartment. These tests were supplemented with tests in real home environments on subjects with milder dementia (Table 1). The GPS safety bracelet was tested only in a home environment, because there was no use to test it with subjects living in the MemoryHelp apartment, not allowed to go out without supervision. Short range alarms were tested only in a home environment because the range of the alarms would not cover the entire assisted living facility. The benefits of AT were evaluated from two perspectives: functional utility and usability (Davis Jr, 1986; Nielsen, 1993). Evaluation was performed from the points of view of care staff and caregivers.

Table 1.

The device listing of tested assistive technology. Devices were in experimental use in the MemoryHelp apartment and in real home environment.

Device	Main properties	MemoryHelp apartment	Home environment
Smart Flower Stand^a	The system uses motion sensors implemented in the flower stand. Includes fall alarm, the rhythm of life control, and exit control. Staff ID card in the ID card reader turns alarms off temporarily.	X
Safety phone service with connected devices (Emergency phone unit)^b	Fall alarm: Alarms automatically. Medicine dispenser: Alarm if drugs are not taken in time. Bed alarm: Alarm if a person does not go back to the bed after a preset delay. Toggle button to turn on and off for night and day.	X
GPS Safety bracelet^b	GPS locator, tracking by internet-based map application, alarm button, two-way speech communication.		X
Web chat tablet computer^c	Simple video chat for tablet computer. Free application for relatives for their own smartphone or tablet computer. Also possible to participate in interest-based groups.	X	X
Short range audio alarm with connected devices^d	Motion alarm: Alarm if any motion is detected. Supports the supervision of person with a memory disorder. Carpet alarm: Alarm if a person steps on a carpet/pressure mat. Supports the supervision of person with a memory disorder.		X
Reminder with motion sensor^d	When motion is detected the device repeats a recorded message. Reminder for daily activities, for example “Remember to turn off the tap” or “It is night, don’t go out, please!”	X	X
Motion-controlled lighting	For safe mobility. General lighting in kitchen-living room and in toilet, and lamp on a bedside with motion sensors.	X
Calendar clock^d	Time management. Day, date, month, and analog clock panel.	X
Talking album^e	10 seconds message can record up to 30 photos. Comfort, recreational activities	X
Weighted ball blanket^f	To calm and relax. Movements of the balls stimulate both touch and muscle and joint sensory. Size 200 × 140 cm.	X
Therapy apron and cube^d	Recreational activities	X

Seniortek Oy, www.seniortek.com

Stella Oy, www.stella.fi

Pieni piiri Oy, www.circly.com

Dementia Online Shop, www.dementiaonlineshop.com

Sanamaailma, www.sanamaailma.net/vihrea_puhuva_valokuva-albumi

Lärum Förlaget, http://larum.fi/suomeksi/pallopeitto/

Eight nurses from assisted living facility used AT in care of five test subjects (Table 2). All nurses were female, mean age was 46 years. The test period for nurses was 92 days in total. The test subjects lived in the MemoryHelp apartment for interval care during their regular family caregiver’s vacation. Three female family caregivers (mean age 74 years) tested AT in real home environment in the care of their husbands with a diagnosed memory disorder. One female test subject lived alone in her own apartment and several nurses took part in her care during the day. The nurses tested only GPS safety bracelet in her care. Feedback on this patient was compiled by the lead nurse, and was treated as single nurse for the purposes of this analysis.

Table 2.

Information of the participants: the residents in the MemoryHelp apartment and subjects in home tests.

Subject	Type	Gender	Test period (days)	Age (years)	MMSE
1	MemoryHelp	Female	4	66	10
2	MemoryHelp	Male	7 + 8^a	77	25
3	MemoryHelp	Female	7	84	23
4	MemoryHelp	Male	7	77	17
5	MemoryHelp	Male	5	86	14
Average			6.3	78.0	17.8
6	Home	Male	28	68	5
7	Home	Male	28	80	3
8	Home	Male	25	79	5
9	Home^b	Female	38	85	17
Average			29.8	78	7.5

Two separate periods.

Tested only GPS safety bracelet.

The research protocol is introduced in Figure 1. The following background information of test subjects was gathered at baseline: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score (Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975), age, and gender. The MMSE is a widely used screening and evaluation tool for the stage of dementia, with cutoff points of 24/30 for mild, 20/30 for moderate, and 12/30 for severe dementia (Tests for Alzheimer's disease and dementia, 2016). In the home test, family caregivers filled the Carers of Older People in Europe questionnaire (Cope index; Juntunen & Salminen, 2012) in order to get information about the impact of AT on experience of caregiver’s burden. The COPE index has been developed and validated as European collaboration for the evaluation of the coping and support needed by caregivers caring for an elderly family member with dementia (Balducci et al., 2008). The latest version is based on 15 questions with three subscales: positive and negative impacts of caregiving, and the quality of support from family, friends, neighbors, or social care. The index has also been translated into Finnish and shown to correlate with the quality of life of family caregivers in Finland (Juntunen & Salminen, 2012). The COPE index was also already in use in Raahe district.

Figure 1.

The research protocol, the used methods, and reached information.

In the initialization phase personal guidance of AT was given to family caregivers and nurses, and the personal settings of AT were performed. Personal settings of configurable devices were adjusted for each test period (see Table 3). However, personalization of the settings unique for each individual user could not be performed for all devices. In such cases, the settings initially evaluated, most suitable for the nurses for a generic case, were used. Nurses and caregivers were given freedom to place the short range alarms and the reminder by themselves.

Table 3.

Personal settings for the various devices during the test period.

Device	Personal settings	Alarm settings during the test period
Smart Flower Stand	Normal life rhythm programmed to the service management system. An alarm occurs if the limit is exceeded. ID card placed in the ID card reader in order to set alarms off during the care visits of nurses.	Parameter	Limits
		Normal length of stay in bed	14 hours per day (max)
		Normal length of stay in armchair	2 hours per day (max)
		Normal amount of toilet visits	7 times per day (max)
		Permitted departure time from apartment	At 6.00–24.00
		Fall/immobility alarm settings: alarm if no motion is detected within the delay	Delay 30 min
Fall alarm	Recipient of alarms.	Alarms to the nurses’ mobile phone at first, if not answered then to alarm center.
Bed alarm	9 setting properties for alarm delay (from 10 s to 30 min). Recipient of alarms.	Alarm tested only at nighttime. Delay 30 min.
Bed alarm		Alarms to the nurses’ mobile phone at first, if not answered then to alarm center.
Medicine dispenser	Alarm settings for drug taking times. Recipient of alarms.	Only staff test.
Medicine dispenser	Alarm settings for drug taking times. Recipient of alarms.	Alarms to the nurses’ mobile phone at first, if not answered then to alarm center.
GPS safety bracelet	User profiles: Dementia, Compact, Easy and Comprehensive. Recipient of alarms. Model: Normal/Lockable	Compact profile: 3 of test subjects Dementia profile: 1 of test subjects	Emergency button in use, location from web based service management system if necessary. Emergency button not in use, locating activates and alarm occurs when bracelet leaves out of home area
GPS safety bracelet		Alarms to caregivers and children. One test subject tested the lockable and the other ones the normal model of the bracelet.
Web chat tablet computer	Private Circly created for each test subject. Relatives were allowed to join to it by their own tablet computers or mobile phones.	MemoryHelp Circle connected tablets in MemoryHelp apartment and in nurses’ office. Caregivers in the home tests had their own circles.
Web chat tablet computer		Relatives of two home test subjects joined to the created circles using their own tablets or mobile phones.

During the test period they were asked to keep track of alarms and any technical problems in a diary notebook as follows: Date and time, device in question, and the reason of alarm/technical problem. Prepared forms for this structured information were given to the caregiver participants for use at home. The nurses used an unstructured notebook to write down the requested information, which was kept in the nurses’ office in the assisted living facility. The gathered data were transferred to Excel spreadsheet for review and analysis. In addition, logged data were gathered from the Smart Flower Stand-service and GPS safety bracelet. Smart Flower Stand-service automatically gathered information of average bed time, average length of stay in armchair, average length of stay in the living room, and the number of toilet visits. This data was retrieved at the end of the testing period. The logged data from GPS safety bracelet included timestamps of events (departure from home, alarm button press, signal loss) and was received in table form from the technical service. Fall alarm and bed alarm logs were only available for alarms that went to the alarm center, not those responded to locally by nurses. The logged data were compared and, if necessary, supplemented with diary notes. The research person who faced some technical difficulties gave guidance and contacted customer support if necessary.

Final evaluation was performed at the end of the test period. The caregivers and nurses answered to a questionnaire which included questions about the functional utility and usability issues of the tested AT (see Table 4). Colored images were used of each device to ensure the questionnaire answers dealt with the correct device. The caregivers answered to the second COPE questionnaire.

Table 4.

Questions of functional utility and usability issues of the tested AT.

	Statements with five-point Likert scale	Open-ended questions
Functional utility	The device is useful in the care of a person with a memory disorder. The device supports the independence of a person with a memory disorder.^a	Describe to whom the product is suitable for
Usability	The use of the device is simple. The use of the device requires much learning.	General user experiences
Security impact^a	The use of device improves security and feeling of safety

Home use only.

Results

The results show large variation in the usefulness and usability of different AT. The potential user groups were also identified by nurses and caregivers for each AT (Table 5).

Table 5.

Summary of the results. Number of nurses and caregivers given as a portion of those who responded that they had used the device in their work.

Device	Nurses/ caregivers considered useful	Nurses/ caregivers considered easy to use	Main findings	Nurses/caregivers proposed user
Smart Flower Stand	0/5	3/5	Multiple false alarms: staff ID not working	An elderly person with mild dementia.
Fall alarm	6/8	8/8	Multiple false alarms	A home-dwelling elderly person in risk of falling.
Bed alarm	7/7	4/7	Missed events, false alarms	A home-dwelling elderly person who tends to wander at nighttime.
Medicine dispenser	0/8	3/8	Insufficient usability in staff testing	A person without a memory disorder with healthy hands.
Safety bracelet, GPS	3/3	3/3	Connection difficulties	A person with a memory disorder who goes for a walk independently.
Web chat tablet computer	6/9	3/9	Connection difficulties	An elderly person with mild dementia, living alone.
Short range alarms: Motion sensor and carpet alarm	2/2	2/2	Easy to use, considered reliable. Supports caregiver’s work.	For a caregiver to facilitate supervision of a person with memory disorder living in the same household.
Reminder with motion sensor	2/7	4/7	Poor sound quality hampers limited usefulness.	A person who understands speech and listens for advice.
Lighting with motion sensor.	5/8	–	Difficulties with insufficient delay and detection settings.	–
Calendar clock	6/6	6/6	Well received	To all.
Talking album	4/5	5/5	Well received	To all.
Weighted ball blanket	0/4	4/4	Poorly received by both staff and patients	To care and calm down a confused patient.
Therapy apron and cube	4/6	–	Well received and frequently used	For a restless person.

Smart Flower Stand

The flower stand was not considered useful. The nurses reported receiving dozens of false alarms during the first test week. The ID card reader for staff had technical problems, and alarms could not be disabled for staff visits. The problem could not be solved during the study. Starting from week two, the fall/immobility alarm was not in use. Logged data from the system corresponded to realistic and known events. For example, the average number of toilet visits per day was 20, which also includes cleaners’ and nurses’ visits in the toilet. Similarly, the average bedtime per day (4.2 hours) corresponded to the apartment being unoccupied on some days during the test period. The average length of stay in armchair was 3.5 hours per day, and in the living room 8.4 hours per day.

Devices connected to the safety phone service

The fall and bed alarms connected to the safety phone service were considered useful by most participants. There were some problems in activating the bed alarm throughout the testing period. Attempts to turn on the device caused false alarms. No actual fall events occurred, but the fall alarm caused 10 false alarms during dressing or other normal daily activities. The medicine dispenser was tested by the nurses and deemed too difficult to learn and use, as it required hand strength and dexterity. Based on this evaluation it was not installed in the MemoryHelp apartment.

GPS safety bracelet

All respondents considered the GPS safety bracelet useful, and that it improved the safety of the test subjects. According to the feedback, two test subjects were able to continue their independent walks thanks to the GPS bracelet. Connection difficulties disturbed the use of the GPS safety bracelet, which can be seen from the logged data and from diary notes. Also the batteries had to be charged daily. Two of the four test subjects did not wear the bracelet willingly and took it off sometimes. The lockable model was considered usable because the device could not be taken off and misplaced.

Web chat tablet

Most of the nurses considered that the Circly web chat tablet was useful in the care of test subjects. The tablet computer was used by two family caregivers of the home-dwelling subjects, to communicate with their children. One caregiver also used it for communication with caregiving coordinator and participating in interest-based groups. Connection difficulties disturbed the test use of video phones. The problem of using the mobile phone application of Circly was that the application consumed a lot of power and phone’s battery run out of power quickly.

Devices connected to short range audio alarm (motion sensor and carpet alarm)

Both caregivers considered the motion sensor useful. Both had selected to place it by the door to monitor exits. Feedback on the carpet alarm varied. One caregiver was woken up by the carpet alarm by the bed although the person with a memory disorder did not need help during bathroom visits. The other caregiver was able to sleep better at nights, because she knew she would be woken up if the person with a memory disorder left the bed.

Reminder with motion sensor

The reminder was considered easy to use and over half of the respondents considered it useful. The primary limiting factor, mentioned by seven respondents, was the poor sound quality.

Lighting with motion sensor

Five of eight nurses considered the lighting with motion sensor useful in the care of test subjects. The delay in the toilet was occasionally too short, and test subjects were unable to activate the light again from the toilet seat. This caused unnecessary risk. Continuous dim lighting was suggested as an alternative or necessary supplement.

Calendar clock, talking album, therapy apron and cube, and weighted ball blanket

The calendar clock was considered useful in the care of the test subjects. The benefits of analog display and night-time visibility were specifically mentioned. The talking album, the therapy apron and cube provided activity and tinkering for restless test subjects. The weighted ball blanket was not found useful in the care of test subjects by any of the nurses; rather it had caused anxiety and was considered an additional risk factor if it fell.

The COPE scores of the caregivers remained largely stable during the testing period (Table 6). The caregivers experienced moderate negative impact from caregiving, and above average positive value and quality of support, both before and after the testing period.

Table 6.

The COPE scores of caregivers as defined at baseline status and in the final evaluation. Higher scores indicate greater negative impact or positive value, or improved quality of support.

	Caregiver 1		Caregiver 2		Caregiver 3
	Baseline	Final evaluation	Baseline	Final evaluation	Baseline	Final evaluation
Negative impact of caregiving	14/28	16/28	11/28	8/28	12/28	12/28
Positive value of caregiving	12/16	10/16	15/16	14/16	11/16	12/16
Quality of support for caregiving	11/16	9/16	16/16	13/16	16/16	16/16

Discussion

During this study, the nursing staff and family caregivers considered many different aids and alarm systems useful in the care of a person with a memory disorder, in spite of several technical difficulties. Multiple false alarms occurred during the test period. The technological solutions deemed most useful were typically simple. Devices and systems rated with poor usability, such as complex user interface and inadequate sound quality, were also considered less useful.

The benefits of activating the life of a person with a memory disorder and easing the worry of caregivers found in this study are similar to previous research results, which have been largely based on demonstrations and interviews or focus groups rather than experimental settings (Olsson et al., 2012; Pilotto et al., 2011; Rosenberg et al., 2012; Stakes, 2008). Our findings show that AT is able to support and facilitate the work of a family caregiver and nurse in practice.

The GPS safety bracelet eased the worry of family caregivers and allowed the test subjects to continue independent walks, supporting the independency of the person with a memory disorder. At its best, AT supports the independency of person with a memory disorder and the work of a caregiver/nurse at the same time.

Life situation affects the utility of AT. Short range alarms are beneficial for a family caregiver because they facilitate the supervision of a person with a memory disorder. They were also considered beneficial by caregivers, though the needs varied between subjects. A person living alone benefits from alarms which send information remotely, such as devices connected to a safety phone service.

The weighted ball blanket, the medicine dispenser, and the Smart Flower Stand were not considered useful in the care of older persons with memory disorder. Encountered problems included complex user interface, inadequate sound quality, connection difficulties, and lack of customer service. Smart Flower Stand includes lots of possibilities to observe the rhythm of life, but its ability to detect fall/immobility could not be tested in the study. In addition, the personal setting of the system had to be programmed to suit each test subject who lived in the MemoryHelp apartment. These aspects have to be noticed in the interpretation of the results. Test period in a real home environment would be recommended for further research. Usability problems or unsuitable user interface have been previously shown to be a problem for the uptake of AT (Pietrzak et al., 2014).

Previous studies showed that there are few experimental research results from benefits of using AT in elderly homecare (Martin et al., 2008; Pietrzak et al., 2014). In this study, the COPE test was used to evaluate the impact of AT on caregivers’ experience of burden in a small group. Changes during the test period were minor. Because of the small sample size, these findings can be further confounded by other coinciding events or disease progression, or the research itself might have caused extra work for the caregiver.

The results are based on the test use of AT in the care of only nine test subjects. The test period of each test subject living in the MemoryHelp apartment was typically one week. However, the nurses used the AT for three months in total, and the home tests had a duration of one month each. This time can be considered long enough to adopt the devices into everyday use, and obtain valid feedback of usefulness.

Problems were experienced particularly with the devices that used wireless networks and browser-based service management systems. Not all of these problems could be addressed during the study, which might have impact on the results. On the other hand, such problems are part of testing in a real-world environment. The importance of well-functioning customer service in utilizing AT was noticed.

Colored images of the devices were used in the questionnaire to assess the utility of AT. However, it is possible that a caregiver or nurse may have erred in identifying the devices. Due to the simultaneous testing of multiple new systems the users might misunderstand the operating principles of the devices.

The typical proposed user who would benefit from the tested devices was a home living elderly with mild dementia. The life situation and the severity of dementia are significant factors affecting the utility of AT. Further research is needed to evaluate the utility of AT in different stages of a memory disorder and different life situations. Ideally the tested system should be easily modifiable as the disorder progresses, to include additional products and services. The evaluation requires a sufficiently long test period in order to obtain reliable research results, and to adopt the devices in everyday use. Longer test periods would also give information of long-term durability of AT in practice. In-depth interviews of all user groups, including the persons with dementia themselves, would also yield more information.

As a conclusion, ATs are able to support and facilitate the work of care staff and family caregivers if the devices have sufficient utility and usability, such as easy commissioning, maintenance, and personalization to the user’s specific usability needs. The ability of AT to support the independence of a person with a memory disorder could not be evaluated due to the type of devices that were selected in this study based on other criteria (Nauha et al., 2015).

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Academy of Finland and Japan Science and Technology Agency: ASTS (Assistive Technologies for Seniors, Teleassistance for seniors with Dementia – A Novel Concept for Safety). Academy of Finland 270816; European Union and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication, Japan, Research and Innovation action: iKaaS; EU 643262; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Infotech Oulu.

Laura Nauha has bachelor's degree in Health Care Technology from Oulu University of Applied Science, in 2003. After graduation she participated in the development of activity monitors. She completed her master's degree in Medical and Wellness Technology at the University of Oulu, Finland in 2016. Her Master's work dealed with assistive technologies for people with a memory disorder.

Niina S Keränen, MD, also holds a master's degree in Medical and Wellness Technology. She has worked as a GP in northern Finland, including care homes, and is currently working on her PhD on citizenoriented eHealth services at the University of Oulu. She has published papers with topics ranging from assistive technologies to body area networks and eHealth benchmarking.

Maarit Kangas, PhD, has bachelor s degree in Technology, master s degree in Biochemistry and Medical Technology and she completed her PhD in Medical technology at the University of Oulu, Finland in 2011. Her research interests relate to the assistive technologies for older adults, physical activity and eHealth. At the moment she is working as a post doc at the University of Oulu.

Timo Jämsä, MD, PhD, radiologist, serves as a professor of Health Information Systems at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, since 2013. He has more than 25 years of experience in the development, implementation and research of hospital information systems, especially in the field of electronic patient record, radiology systems and mobile applications. Currently his research group focuses on the effects of digitalization in health care. The team co-creates together with international partners indicators for evaluating the availability, use and usability of information systems.

Jarmo Reponen, MD, PhD, radiologist, serves as a professor of Health Information Systems at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, since 2013. He has more than 25 years of experience in the development, implementation and research of hospital information systems, especially in the field of electronic patient record, radiology systems and mobile applications. Currently his research group focuses on the effects of digitalization in health care. The team co-creates together with international partners indicators for evaluating the availability, use and usability of information systems.

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Assistive technologies at home for people with a memory disorder