Voices from the field: Expert reflections on mild cognitive impairment

Aizenstein H. J. Nebes R. D. Saxton J. A. Price J. C. Mathis C. A. Tsopelas N. D. Klunk W. E. (2008) Frequent amyloid deposition without significant cognitive impairment among the elderly. Archives of Neurology 65: 1509–1517.

Albert M. S. DeKosky S. T. Dickson D. Dubois B. Feldman H. H. Fox N. C. Phelps C. H. (2011) The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association Workgroups on Diagnostic Guidelines for Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia 7: 270–279.

American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

Andreasen N. Minthon L. Vanmechelen E. Vanderstichele H. Davidsson P. Winblad B. Blennow K. (1999) Cerebrospinal fluid tau and aβ42 as predictors of development of Alzheimer’s Disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neuroscience Letters 273: 5–8.

Bateman R. J. Aisen P. S. De Strooper B. Fox N. C. Lemere C. A. Ringman J. M. Xiong C. (2011) Autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s Disease: A review and proposal for the prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy 3: 1–13.

Birks J. Harvey R. J. (2006) Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer’s Disease. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews 1: CD001190.

Brown P. J. Devanand D. P. Liu X. Caccappolo E. (2011) Functional impairment in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer Disease. Archives of General Psychiatry 68: 617–626.

Bruscoli M. Lovestone S. (2004) Is MCI really just early dementia? A systematic review of conversion studies. International Psychogeriatrics 16: 129–140.

Corner L. Bond J. (2006) The impact of the label of mild cognitive impairment on the individual’s sense of self. Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology 13: 3–12.

Darby D. Maruff P. Collie A. McStephen M. (2002) Mild cognitive impairment can be detected by multiple assessments in a single day. Neurology 59: 1042–1046.

DeCarli C. Mungas D. Harvey D. Reed B. Weiner M. Chui H. Jagust W. (2004) Memory impairment, but not cerebrovascular disease, predicts progression of MCI to dementia. Neurology 63: 220–227.

De Santi S. de Leon M. J. Rusinek H. Convit A. Tarshish C. Y. Roche A. Daisley K. (2001) Hippocampal formation glucose metabolism and volume losses in MCI and AD. Neurobiology of Aging 22: 529–539.

Farias S. T. Mungas D. Reed B. R. Harvey D. DeCarli C. (2009) Progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia in clinic- vs community-based cohorts. Archives of Neurology 66: 1151–1157.

Forsberg A. Engler H. Almkvist O. Blomquist G. Hagman G. Wall A. Nordberg A. (2008) PET imaging of amyloid deposition in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiology of Aging 29: 1456–1465.

Ganguli M. Dodge H. H. Shen C. DeKosky S. T. (2004) Mild cognitive impairment, amnestic type: An epidemiologic study. Neurology 63: 115–121.

Gao S. Unverzagt F. W. Hall K. S. Lane K. A. Murrell J. R. Hake A. M. Hendrie H. C. (2014) Mild cognitive impairment, incidence, progression, and reversion: Findings from a community-based cohort of elderly African Americans. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 22: 670–681.

Gomar J. J. Bobes-Bascaran M. T. Conejero-Goldberg C. Davies P. Goldberg T. E. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2011) Utility of combinations of biomarkers, cognitive markers, and risk factors to predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer Disease in patients in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Archives of General Psychiatry 68: 961–969.

Grundke-Iqbal I. K. Iqbal K. Tung Y. Quinlan M. Wisniewski H. M. Binder L. I. (1986) Abnormal phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated t (tau) in Alzheimer cytoskeletal pathology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 83: 4913–4917.

Hardy J. Allsop D. (1991) Amyloid deposition as the central event in the aetiology of Alzheimer’s Disease. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 12: 383–388.

Hardy J. A. Higgins G. A. (1992) Alzheimer’s disease: The amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science (New York, N.Y.) 256: 184–185.

Jack C. R. J. Knopman D. S. Jagust W. J. Shaw L. M. Aisen P. S. Weiner M. W. Trojanowski J. Q. (2010a) Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurology 9: 119–128.

Jack C. R. Lowe V. J. Senjem M. L. Weigand S. D. Kemp B. J. Shiung M. M. Petersen R. C. (2008) [¹¹C] PiB and structural MRI provide complementary information in imaging of Alzheimer’s Disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Brain 131: 665–680.

Jack C. R. Wiste H. J. Vemuri P. Weigand S. D. Senjem M. L. Zeng G. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2010b) Brain beta-amyloid measures and magnetic resonance imaging atrophy both predict time-to-progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s Disease. Brain 133: 3336–3348.

Jia J. Zhou A. Wei C. Jia X. Wang F. Li F. Dong X. (2014) The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and its etiological subtypes in elderly Chinese. Alzheimer’s and Dementia 10: 439–447.

Kaduszkiewicz H. Eisele M. Wiese B. Prokein J. Luppa M. Luck T. Study on Aging Cognition, and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe) Study Group (2014) Prognosis of mild cognitive impairment in general practice: Results of the German AGECODE study. Annals of Family Medicine 12: 158–165.

Kantarci K. Weigand S. D. Przybelski S. A. Shiung M. M. Whitwell J. L. Negash S. Jack C. R. (2009) Risk of dementia in MCI: Combined effect of cerebrovascular disease, volumetric MRI, and 1H MRS. Neurology 72: 1519–1525.

Kemppainen N. M. Aalto S. Wilson I. A. Någren K. Helin S. Brück A. Rinne J. O. (2007) PET amyloid ligand [¹¹C] PiB uptake is increased in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 68: 1603–1606.

Knopman D. S. Parisi J. E. Salviati A. Floriach-Robert M. Boeve B. F. Ivnik R. J. Petersen R. C. (2003) Neuropathology of cognitively normal elderly. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 62: 1087–1095.

Korczyn A. D. (2011) Commentary on “Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s Disease”. Alzheimer’s and Dementia 7: 333–334.

Kosik K. S. Joachim C. L. Selkoe D. J. (1986) Microtubule-associated protein tau (tau) is a major antigenic component of paired helical filaments in Alzheimer Disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 83: 4044–4048.

Kral V. A. (1962) Senescent forgetfulness: Benign and malignant. Canadian Medical Association Journal 86: 257–260.

Leibing A. (2014) The earlier the better: Alzheimer’s prevention, early detection, and the quest for pharmaceutical interventions. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 38: 217–236.

Lenehan M. E. Klekociuk S. Z. Summers M. J. (2012) Absence of a relationship between subjective memory complaint and objective memory impairment in mild cognitive impairment (MCI): Is it time to abandon subjective memory complaint as an MCI diagnostic criterion? International Psychogeriatrics 24: 1505–1514.

Lock M. (2013a) The Alzheimer conundrum: Entanglements of dementia and aging, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Lock M. (2013b) Detecting amyloid biomarkers: Embodied risk and Alzheimer prevention. Biosocieties 8: 107–123.

Luck T. Luppa M. Briel S. Riedel-Heller S. G. (2010) Incidence of mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 29: 164–175.

Mangialasche F. Solomon A. Winblad B. Mecocci P. Kivipelto M. (2010) Alzheimer’s disease: Clinical trials and drug development. Lancet Neurology 9: 702–716.

Manly J. J. Tang M. X. Schupf N. Stern Y. Vonsattel J. P. Mayeux R. (2008) Frequency and course of mild cognitive impairment in a multiethnic community. Annals of Neurology 63: 494–506.

Manthorpe J. Samsi K. Campbell S. Abley C. Keady J. Bond J. Iliffe S. (2011) The transition from cognitive impairment to dementia: Older people’s experiences, London, UK: The National Institute of Health Research.

Matthews F. E. Stephan B. C. McKeith I. G. Bond J. Brayne C. Medical Research Council Cognitive Function, Ageing Study (2008) Two-year progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia: To what extent do different definitions agree? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 56: 1424–1433.

Mattsson N. Andreasson U. Persson S. Arai H. Batish S. D. Bernardini S. Blennow K. (2011) The Alzheimer’s Association external quality control program for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Alzheimer’s and Dementia 7: 386–395.

McKhann G. Drachman D. Folstein M. Katzman R. Price D. Stadlan E. M. (1984) Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of the department of health and human services task force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology 34: 939–944.

McKhann G. M. Knopman D. S. Chertkow H. Hyman B. T. Jack C. R. J. Kawas C. H. Phelps C. H. (2011) The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s Disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia 7: 263–269.

McShane, R., Areosa Sastre, A., & Minakaran, N. (2006). Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 19, CD003154.

Mintun M. A. Larossa G. N. Sheline Y. I. Dence C. S. Lee S. Y. Mach R. H. Morris J. C. (2006) [¹¹C] PiB in a nondemented population: Potential antecedent marker of Alzheimer Disease. Neurology 67: 446–452.

Mitchell A. J. Shiri-Feshki M. (2009) Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia—Meta-analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 119: 252–265.

Molnar F. J. Man-Son-Hing M. Fergusson D. (2009) Systematic review of measures of clinical significance employed in randomized controlled trials of drugs for dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 57: 536–546.

Moreira T. Hughes J. Kirkwood T. May C. R. McKeith I. Bond J. (2008) What explains variations in the clinical use of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as a diagnostic category? International Psychogeriatrics 20: 697–709.

Pennanen C. Kivipelto M. Tuomainen S. Hartikainen P. Hanninen T. Laakso M. P. Soininen H. (2004) Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in mild cognitive impairment and early AD. Neurobiology of Aging 25: 303–310.

Peters K. R. (2013) Utility of an effect size analysis for communicating treatment effectiveness: A case study of cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 61: 1170–1174.

Peters K. R. Lynn Beattie B. Feldman H. H. Illes J. (2013) A conceptual framework and ethics analysis for prevention trials of Alzheimer Disease. Progress in Neurobiology 110: 114–123.

Petersen R. C. Aisen P. S. Beckett L. A. Donohue M. C. Gamst A. C. Harvey D. J. Weiner M. W. (2010) Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI): Clinical characterization. Neurology 74: 201–209.

Petersen R. C. Doody R. Kurz A. Mohs R. C. Morris J. C. Rabins P. V. Winblad B. (2001) Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology 58: 1985–1992.

Petersen R. C. O’Brien J. (2006) Mild cognitive impairment should be considered for DSM-V. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 19: 147–154.

Petersen R. C. Roberts R. O. Knopman D. S. Boeve B. F. Geda Y. E. Ivnik R. J. Jack C. R. (2009) Mild cognitive impairment: Ten years later. Archives of Neurology 66: 1447–1455.

Petersen R. C. Smith G. E. Waring S. C. Ivnik R. J. Tangalos E. G. Kokmen E. (1999) Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology 56: 303–308.

Petersen R. C. Thomas R. G. Grundman M. Bennett D. Doody R. Ferris S. Thal L. J. (2005) Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. New England Journal of Medicine 352: 2379–2388.

Price J. L. Morris J. C. (1999) Tangles and plaques in nondemented aging and “preclinical” Alzheimer’s Disease. Annals of Neurology 45: 358–368.

Reiman E. M. Langbaum J. B. S. Tariot P. N. (2010) Alzheimer’s prevention initiative: A proposal to evaluate presymptomatic treatments as quickly as possible. Biomarkers in Medicine 4: 3–14.

Richard E. Brayne C. (2014) Dementia: Mild cognitive impairment—Not always what it seems. Nature Reviews. Neurology 10: 130–131.

Riemenschneider M. Lautenschlager N. Wagenpfeil S. Diehl J. Drzezga A. Kurz A. (2002) Cerebrospinal fluid tau and β-amyloid 42 proteins identify Alzheimer Disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology 59: 1729–1734.

Ritchie K. Artero S. Touchon J. (2001) Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment: A population-based study. Neurology 56: 37–42.

Rockwood K. (2010) Con: Can biomarkers be gold standards in Alzheimer’s Disease? Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy 2: 16–19.

Rockwood K. MacKnight C. (2001) Assessing the clinical importance of statistically significant improvement in anti-dementia drug trials. Neuroepidemiology 20: 51–56.

Russ T. C. Morling J. R. (2012) Cholinesterase inhibitors for mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9: CD009132.

Sachdev P. S. Lipnicki D. M. Crawford J. Reppermund S. Kochan N. A. Trollor J. N. Sydney Memory, Ageing Study Team (2013) Factors predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive functioning: A population-based study. PLoS One 8: e59649.

Savva G. M. Wharton S. B. Ince P. G. Forster G. Matthews F. E. Brayne C. Medical Research Council Cognitive Function, Ageing Study (2009) Age, neuropathology, and dementia. The New England Journal of Medicine 360: 2302–2309.

Shaw L. M. Vanderstichele H. Knapik-Czajka M. Clark C. M. Aisen P. S. Petersen R. C. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2009) Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature in Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative subjects. Annals of Neurology 65: 403–413.

Sperling R. A. Aisen P. S. Beckett L. A. Bennett D. A. Craft S. Fagan A. M. Phelps C. H. (2011) Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s Disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia 7: 280–292.

Sperling R. Johnson K. (2010) Pro: Can biomarkers be gold standard in Alzheimer’s Disease? Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy 2: 17–19.

Stephan B. C. M. Matthews F. McKeith I. G. Bond J. Brayne C. (2007) Early cognitive change in the general population: How do different definitions work? Journal of the American Geriatric Society 55: 1534–1540.

Visser P. J. Brodaty H. (2006) MCI is not a clinically useful concept. International Psychogeriatrics 18: 402–409.

Visser P. J. Verhey F. Knol D. L. Scheltens P. Wahlund L. -O. Freund-Levi Y. Hampel H. (2009) Prevalence and prognostic value of CSF markers of Alzheimer’s Disease pathology in patients with subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment in the DESCRIPA study: A prospective cohort study. The Lancet Neurology 8: 619–627.

Vlassenko A. G. Mintun M. A. Xiong C. Sheline Y. I. Goate A. M. Benzinger T. L. Morris J. C. (2011) Amyloid-beta plaque growth in cognitively normal adults: Longitudinal [11C]Pittsburgh compound B data. Annals of Neurology 70: 857–861.

Whitehouse P. J. George D. (2008) The myth of Alzheimer’s: What you aren’t being told about today’s most dreaded diagnosis, New York, NY: St. Martin’s Griffin.

Whitehouse P. J. Moody H. R. (2006) Mild cognitive impairment: A ‘hardening of the categories’? Dementia 5: 11–25.

Wolk D. A. Price J. C. Saxton J. A. Snitz B. E. James J. A. Lopez O. L. DeKoskym S. T. (2009) Amyloid imaging in mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Annals of Neurology 65: 557–568.

Wright C. F. Hall A. Matthews F. E. Brayne C. (2009) Biomarkers, dementia, and public health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1180: 11–19.

Xu Y. Jack C. R. Jr O’Brien P. C. Kokmen E. Smith G. E. Ivnik R. J. Petersen R. C. (2000) Usefulness of MRI measures of entorhinal cortex versus hippocampus in AD. Neurology 54: 1760–1767.

Yaffe K. Weston A. Graff-Radford N. R. Satterfield S. Simonsick E. M. Younkin S. G. Harris T. B. (2011) Association of plasma beta-amyloid level and cognitive reserve with subsequent cognitive decline. JAMA 305(3): 261–266.