The study generalizes the concept of cultural intelligence (CQ) as a key competency in Indian context due to its diverse cultures. Cultural intelligence is a capability, which increases the manager’s ability to effectively interact with people belonging to other cultures. The purpose of the study is to examine the mediating role of cross-cultural adaptability (CCA) in between CQ and the job performance relationship and the moderating role played by work experience and language proficiency in between CQ and CCA relationship. The data for the study have been collected from 342 managers of nationalized banks in Jammu and Kashmir (India). Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis have been conducted to explore and validate the factor of different constructs. Hypotheses have been tested through structural equation modeling. The study reveals that CCA mediates the relationship between CQ and job performance. Further, previous work experience and language ability act as moderators between the CQ and CCA relationship. Further, moderated mediation analysis also confirmed significant indirect effect. Implications and limitations of the study have also been discussed.
AndersonJGerbingDW (1988) Some methods for re-specifying measurement models to obtain uni-dimensional construct measurement. Journal of Marketing Research19(4): 453–60.
2.
AngSVan DyneL (2008) Handbook on Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
3.
AngSVan DyneLKohC. (2007) Cultural intelligence: its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review3(3): 335–71.
4.
ArnoldKATurnerNBarlingJ. (2007) Transformational leadership and psychological well-being: the mediating role of meaningful work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology12(3): 193–203.
5.
BaronRMKennyDA (1986) The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology51(6): 1173–82.
6.
BartlettCAGhoshalS (2002) Building competitive advantage through people. MIT Sloan Management Review43(2): 31–41.
7.
Bhaskar-ShrinivasPHarrisonDAShafferMA. (2005) Input-based and time based models of international adjustment: meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal48(2): 259–81.
8.
BlackJSGregersenHB (1999) The right way to manage expats. Harvard Business Review77(2): 52–7.
9.
BlackJSGregersenHBMendenhallME (1992) Global Assignments: Successfully Expatriating and Repatriating International Managers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
10.
BückerJJLEOlivier FurrerOErik PoutsmaE (2014) The impact of cultural intelligence on communication effectiveness, job satisfaction and anxiety for Chinese host country managers working for foreign multinationals. International Journal of Human Resource Management25(14): 2068–87.
11.
BurkeCSPierceLGSalasE (2006) Understanding adaptability: a prerequisite for effective performance within complex environment. In: Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research (eds), 6, pp. 1–288. Available at: http://books.google.com/books(accessed 20 September 2014).
12.
ByrneBM (2010) Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
13.
CaligiuriPM (1997) Assessing expatriate success: beyond just being there. In: SaundersDMAycanZ (eds) 4 New Approach Employee Management. Greenwich: JAI Press, pp. 117–40.
14.
ChangWWYuanYHChuangYT (2013) The relationship between international experience and cross-cultural adaptability. International Journal of Intercultural Relations37(2): 268–73.
15.
ChenFF (2008) What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology95(5): 1005–18.
16.
ChenASLinYSawangpattanakulA (2011) The relationship between cultural intelligence and performance with the mediating effect of culture shock: A case from Philippine laborers in Taiwan. International Journal of Intercultural Relations35: 246–58.
17.
ChenXYHuangXRChangL. (2010) Aggression, social competence, and academic achievement in Chinese children: a 5-year longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology22: 583–92.
ChinWWMarcolinBLNewstedPN (2003) A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information Systems Research14(2):189–217.
20.
CrowneKA (2008) What leads to cultural intelligence?Business Horizons51(5): 391–99.
21.
CrowneKA (2013) An empirical analysis of three intelligences. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science45(2): 105–14.
22.
EarleyPCAngS (2003) Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
23.
EarleyPCPetersonRS (2004) The elusive cultural chameleon: cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager. Academy of Management Learning and Education3(1): 100–15.
24.
FarahDVuniqiV (2012) Language proficiency and cross-cultural action as part of cross cultural communication competencies: a study of an ethnically diverse team in a multinational company in Sweden. Jonkoping International Business School, Jonkoping University. Available at: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18862(accessed 20 June 2014).
25.
FornellCLarckerFD (1981) Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research18(1): 39–50.
26.
GaskinJ (2012) Group differences. Retrieved from Stats Tools Package Available at: http://statwiki.kolobkreations.com(accessed 20 August 2014).
27.
GeertzC (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books, pp. 89.
28.
GoodmanSASvyantekDJ (1999) Person-organisation fit and contextual performance: do shared values matter?Journal of Vocational Behavior55(2): 254–75.
29.
GoodmanPSLawrenceBSAnconaDG. (2001) Introduction. Academy of Management Review26: 507–11.
30.
GouveiaVVMilfontTLFonsecaPN. (2009) Life satisfaction in Brazil: testing the psychometric properties of the satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) in five Brazilian samples. Social Indicators Research90: 267–77.
31.
GuptaBSinghDJandhyalaKBhattS (2013) Self-monitoring, cultural training and prior international work experience as predictors of cultural intelligence—a study of Indian expatriates. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies4(1): 56–71.
32.
HairJFBlackWCBabinBJ. (2007) Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
33.
HairJFBlackWCBabinBJ. (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
34.
HechanovaRBeehrTAChristiansenND (2003) Antecedents and consequences of employees’ adjustment to overseas assignments: a meta-analytic review. Applied Psychology52: 213–36.
35.
HofmannDA (1997) An overview of the logic and rationale of hierarchical linear model. Journal of Management23(6): 723–44.
36.
HuffKC (2013) Language, cultural intelligence and expatriate success. Management Research Review36(6): 596–612.
37.
HuffKCSongPGreschEB (2014) Cultural intelligence, personality and cross cultural adjustment: a study of expatriates in Japan. International Journal of Intercultural Relations38: 151–7.
38.
JandtF (2010) Introduction to Cross-Cultural Communication. California: SAGE, pp. 127–48.
39.
JensenJMPatelPCMessersmithJG (2013) High performance work systems and job control: consequences for anxiety, role overload and turnover intensions. Journal of Management39(6): 1699–724.
40.
Jimenez-JimenezDSanz-ValleR (2011) Innovation, organizational learning and performance. Journal of Business Research64: 408–17.
41.
JyotiJKourS (2015) Assessing the cultural intelligence and task performance: mediating role of cultural adjustment. Cross-cultural Management: An International Journal22(2): 236–58.
42.
KaraevliAHallDT (2006) How career variety promotes the adaptability of managers: a theoretical model. Journal of Vocational Behaviour69: 359–73.
43.
KatouAA (2015) Transformational leadership and organisational performance: three serially mediating mechanisms. Employee Relation37(3): 329–53.
44.
KealeyDJRubenBD (1983) Cross-cultural personnel selection criteria, issues and method. In: LandisDBrislinRW (eds) Handbook of Intercultural Training: Issues in Theory and Design. NewYork: Pergamon Press, pp. 155–75.
45.
KelleyCMeyersJ (1995b) The Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory. Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.
46.
KleinbaumDGKupperLLMullerKE (1988) Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariate Methods. Boston: PWS-Kent.
47.
KodwaniAD (2012) Beyond emotional intelligence (EQ): The role of cultural intelligence (CQ) on cross-border assignments. World Review of Business Research2(4): 86–102.
48.
KraimerMLWayneSJJaworskiRA (2001) Sources of support and expatriate performance: the mediating role of expatriate adjustment. Perspective Psychology54(1): 71–99.
49.
KumarNRoseRCSubramaniam (2008) The effects of personality and cultural intelligence on international assignment effectiveness: A review. Journal of Social Science4(4): 320–28.
50.
KunduSCTuranMS (1999) Managing cultural diversity in future organizations. The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy-8M4(1): 61.
51.
LeeLYKartikaN (2014) The influence of individual, family and social capital factors on expatriate adjustment and performance: the moderating effect of psychology contract and organizational support. Expert Systems with Applications41: 5483–94.
52.
LeeLYSukocoBM (2010) The effects of cultural intelligence on expatriate performance: the moderating effects of international experience. The International Journal of Human Resource Management21(7): 963–81.
53.
LeeLY (2010) Multiple intelligence and the success of expatriation: the roles of contingency variables. African Journal of Business Management4(17): 3793–804.
54.
LinYCChenASYSongYC (2012) Does your intelligence help to survive in a foreign jungle? The effects of cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations36(4): 541–52.
MacNabBRWorthleyR (2012) Individual characteristics as predictors of cultural intelligence development: the relevance of self-efficacy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations36: 62–71.
57.
MalekMABudhwarP (2013) Cultural intelligence as a predictor of expatriate adjustment and performance in Malaysia. Journal of World Business48: 222–31.
58.
MervoshEMMcClenahenJS (1997) The care and feeding of expats. Industry Week246(22): 68–72.
59.
MilfontTLDuckittJCameronLD (2006) A cross-cultural study of environmental motive concerns and their implications for proenvironmental behavior. Environment and Behavior38: 745–67.
60.
MoonHKChoiBKJungJS (2012) Previous international experience, cross-cultural training and expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment: effects of cultural intelligence and goal orientation. Human Resource Quarterly23(3): 285–330.
61.
MoonT (2010) Emotional intelligence correlates of the four factor model of cultural intelligence. Journal of Managerial Psychology25(8): 876–98.
62.
MotowidloSJVanSJR (1994) Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology79(4): 475–80.
63.
NgKYVan DyneLAngS (2012) Cultural intelligence: a review, reflections, and recommendations for future research. In: RyanAMLeongFTOswaldFL (eds) Conducting Multinational Research: Applying Organizational Psychology in the Workplace. Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 29–58.
64.
NunuallyJC (1970) Introduction to Psychological Measurement, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
65.
O’Leary-KellySWVokurkaRJ (1998) The empirical assessment of construct validity. Journal of Operations Management16(4): 387–405.
66.
OgbeJU (2006) Cultural diversity and human development. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development42: 11–28.
67.
PaulssonKIvergardTHuntB (2005) Learning at work: competence development or competence stress. Applied Ergonomics36: 135–44.
68.
PeltokorpiVFroeseFJ (2012) The impact of expatriate personality traits on cross cultural adjustment: a study with expatriates in Japan. International Business Review21: 734–46.
69.
PeltokorpiV (2010) Intercultural communication in foreign subsidiaries: the influence of expatriates’ language and cultural competencies. Scandinavian Journal of Management26(2): 176–88.
70.
PodsakoffPMMacKenzieSBLeeJY. (2003) Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology88: 879–903.
71.
PuckJKittlerMWrightC (2008) Does it really work? Re-assessing the impact of predeparture cross-cultural training on expat adjustment. International Journal of Human Resource Management19(12): 2182–97.
72.
RamaluSRoseRCKumarN. (2010) Doing business in global arena: an examination of the relationship between cultural intelligence and cross-cultural adjustment. Asian Academy of Management Journal15(1): 79–97.
73.
RamaluSRoseRCKumarN. (2012) Cultural intelligence and expatriate performance in global assignment: the mediating role of adjustment. International Journal of Business and Society13(1): 19–32.
74.
RamaluSSWeiCCRoseDrR (2011) The effect of cultural intelligence on cross cultural adjustment and job performance amongst expatriates in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science2(9): 59–71.
75.
RoseRCRamaluSSUliJ. (2010) Expatriate performance in international assignments: the role of cultural intelligence as dynamic intercultural Competency. International Journal of Business and Management5(8): 76–85.
76.
SelmerJ (2006) Language ability and adjustment: Western expatriates in China. Thunderbird International Business Review48(3): 347–68.
77.
SelvarajahC (2004a) Expatriation experiences of Chinese immigrants in new Zealand: factors contributing to adjustment of older immigrants. Management Research News27(9): 26–45.
78.
SelvarajahCT (2004b) Expatriation experiences of Chinese immigrants in New Zealand: factors contributing to adjustment of older immigrants. Management Research Review27(8/9): 26–45.
79.
ShafferMAHarrisonDAGilleyKM (1999) Dimensions, determinants, and difference in the expatriate adjustment process. Journal of International Business Studies30(3): 557–81.
80.
ShafferMAHarrisonDAGregersenH. (2006) You can take it with you: Individual differences and expatriate effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology9(1): 109–25.
81.
Stone-RomeroEStoneDLSalasE (2003) The influence of culture on role conceptions and role behavior in organizations. Applied Psychology: An International Review52(3): 328–62.
82.
TakeuchiRChenJ (2013) The impact of international experience for expatriates’ cross cultural adjustment: a theoretical review and critique. Organization Psychology Review3(3): 248–90.
83.
TakeuchiRTeslukPEYunS. (2005) An integrative view of international experience. Academy of Management Journal48(1): 85–100.
84.
TemplerKJTayCChandrasekarNA (2006). Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job preview, realistic living conditions preview and cross-cultural adjustment. Group and Organisation Management31: 154–73.
85.
TriandisHC (2006) Cultural intelligence in organizations. Group Organization Management3(1): 20–26.
86.
TsaiTLawrenceN (2011) The relationship between cultural intelligence and cross cultural adaptation of international students in Taiwan. International Conference of Management (ICM) Proceeding569–83.
87.
VaidyaRWanjariVShirigirwarN (2013) An empirical study of managing diversity at workplace with special reference to Indian organization. ASM’s International E-Journal of Ongoing Research in Management and IT, 1–9. Available at: www.asmedu.org/uploadfiles/image/file/pdf/INCON13-HR-023.pdf,e-ISSN-2320-0065(accessed 21 July 2014).
88.
Van de VijverFJRFischerR (2009) Improving methodological robustness in cross cultural organizational research. In: BhagatRSSteersRM (eds) Handbook of Culture, Organizations, and Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 491–517.
89.
Van DyneLAngSLivermoreD (2010) Cultural intelligence: a pathway for leading in a rapidly globalized world. In: HannumKMcFeetersBBBooysenL (eds) Leading Across Differences. San Francisco: Pfeiffer, pp. 131–38.
90.
Van DyneLAngSKokY. (2012) Sub-dimensions of the four factor model of cultural intelligence: expanding the conceptualization and measurement of cultural intelligence. Social and Personality Psychology Compass6(4): 295–313.
91.
WangYLTranE (2012) Effects of cross-cultural and language training on expatriates’ adjustment and job performance in Vietnam. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources50: 237–350.
WorthingtonRLWhittakerTA (2006) Scale development research: a content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist34(6): 806–38.
94.
ZhangMYDodgsonM (2007) A roasted duck can still fly away: a case study of technology, nationality, culture and the rapid and early internationalization of the firm. Journal of World Business42(3): 336–49.
95.
ZielinksiBAZ (2007) Study Abroad Length of Program Influence on Cross-Cultural Adaptability. Unpublished master’s thesis, Virginia PolytechnicInstitute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
