This study presents a five-factor, 21-item measure of cultural intelligence (CQ), at the organizational level of analysis. This instrument builds on the conceptual model espoused by Ang and Inkpen (2008). The scale included items elicited through a literature review, the use of the Delphi technique with a panel of experts, and tested on 234 full-time employees of 10 North American nonprofit organizations. The five factors are: (a) leadership behavior, (b) adaptability, (c) training and development, (d) organizational intentionality, and (e) organizational inclusion. The findings of this study contribute to a small, but growing body of literature on organizational CQ not based on aggregate individual-level data or referent-shift data. The findings provide insights for both researchers and practitioners, and they have implications for leadership appointments and leadership development in organizations seeking to develop organizational CQ.
AkgunAEByrneJKeskinH (2007) Organizational intelligence: a structuration view. Journal of Organizational Change Management20(3): 272–89.
2.
AngSInkpenAC (2008) Cultural intelligence and offshore outsourcing success: a framework of firm-level intercultural capability. Decision Sciences39: 337–58.
3.
AngSVan DyneL (2008). Conceptualization of cultural intelligence: definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network. In: AngSVan DyneL (eds) Handbook on Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement and Applications. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 3–15.
4.
AngSVan DyneL (2009) Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
5.
AngSVan DyneLKohC (2006) Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group and Organization Management31(1): 100–23.
6.
AngSVan DyneLKohC. (2007) Cultural intelligence: its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review3(3): 335–71.
7.
AngSVan DyneLTanML (2011) Cultural intelligence. In: SternbergRJKaufmanSB (eds) Cambridge Handbook on Intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 582–602.
8.
BarneyJ (1991) Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management17(1): 99.
9.
BarneyJWrightMKetchenDJJr (2001) The resource-based view of the firm: ten years after 1991. Journal of Management27(6): 625–41.
10.
ChenX-PLiuDPortnoyR (2012) A multilevel investigation of motivational cultural intelligence, organizational diversity climate, and cultural sales: evidence from U.S. real estate firms. Journal of Applied Psychology97(1): 93–106.
11.
DeVellisRF (2012) Scale Development: Theory and Applications. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
12.
DiaoAParkDS (2011) Successful careers of culturally intelligent workers in multinational organizations: the mediating role of perceived organizational support. World Journal of Social Science1(5): 54–71.
13.
EarleyPCAngS (2003) Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
14.
ElenkovDSManevIM (2009) Senior expatriate leadership’s effects on innovation and the role of cultural intelligence. Journal of World Business44(4): 357–69.
15.
FlahertyJE (2008) The effects of cultural intelligence on team member acceptance and integration in multinational teams. In: AngSVan DyneL (eds) Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications. New York: Sharpe, pp. 192–205.
16.
GelfandMJImaiLFehrR (2008) Thinking intelligently about cultural intelligence. In: AngSVan DyneL (eds) Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc, pp. 375–87.
17.
GlynnMA (1996) Innovative genius: a framework for relating individual and organizational intelligences to innovation. Academy of Management Review21(4): 1081–111.
18.
HairJFAndersonRETathamRL. (1998) Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
19.
Hampden-TurnerCTrompenaarsF (2006) Cultural intelligence: is such a capacity credible?Group and Organization Management31(1): 56–63.
20.
ImaiLGelfandMJ (2010) The culturally intelligent negotiator: the impact of cultural intelligence (CQ) on negotiation sequences and outcomes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes112(2): 83–98.
21.
JanssensMBrettJM (2006) Cultural intelligence in global teams: a fusion model of collaboration. Group & Organization Management31(1): 124–53.
22.
KalkanVD (2011) Organizational intelligence: antecedents and consequences. Journal of Business and Economics Research3(10): 43–54.
23.
MacKenzieSBPodsakoffPMPodsakoffNP (2011) Construct measurement and validation procedures in MIS and behavioral research: integrating new and existing techniques. MIS Quarterly35(2): 293–334.
24.
MoonT (2010) Organizational cultural intelligence: dynamic capability perspective. Group & Organization Management35(4): 456–93.
25.
NeuliepJW (2002) Assessing the reliability and validity of the generalized ethnocentrism scale. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research31(4): 201.
26.
NeuliepJWMcCroskeyJC (1997) The development of a US and generalized ethnocentrism scale. Communication Research Reports14(4): 385–98.
27.
NewbertSL (2005) New firm formation: a dynamic capability perspective. Journal of Small Business Management43(1): 55–77.
28.
NewbertSL (2008) Value, rareness, competitive advantage, and performance: a conceptual-level empirical investigation of the resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal29(7): 745–768.
29.
NgKYVan DyneLAngS (2009) From experience to experiential learning: cultural intelligence as a learning capability for global leader development. Academy of Management Learning and Education8(4): 511–26.
30.
NgKYVan DyneLAngS (2012) Cultural intelligence: a review, reflections, and recommendations for future research. In: RyanAMLeongFTLOswaldFC (eds) Conducting Multinational Research: Applying Multinational Research: Applying Organizational Psychology in the Work Place. Washington: American Pyschological Association, pp. 29–58.
31.
NunnallyJCBernsteinIH (1994) Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw.
32.
ParkHLewisPSFandtPM (1993) Ethnocentrism and group cohesiveness: implications for international joint ventures. In: CulpanR (ed) Multinational Strategic Alliances. New York: International Business Press, pp. 273–91.
33.
PengMW (2001) The resource-based view and international business. Journal of Management27(6): 803–29.
34.
RoseRCRamaluSSUliJ. (2010) Expatriate performance in international assignments: the role of cultural intelligence as dynamic intercultural competency. International Journal of Business and Management5(8): 76–85.
SeilerS (2007) Determining factors of intercultural leadership: a theoretical framework. In: CoopsCMTreschTS (eds) Cultural Challenges in Military Operations. Rome: NATO Defence College, pp. 217–32.
37.
ShannonLMBegleyTM (2008) Antecedents of four-factor model of cultural intelligence. In: AngSVan DyneL (eds) Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurements, and Application. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 41–55.
38.
SternbergRJ (1986) A framework for understanding conceptions of intelligence. In: SternbergRJDettermanDK (eds) What is Intelligence? Contemporary Viewpoints on its Nature and Definition. Norwood: Ablex, pp. 3–15.
39.
TariqueITakeuchiR (2008) Developing cultural intelligence: the role of non-work international experiences. In: AngSVan DyneL (eds) Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 56–70.
TemplerKJTayCChandrasekarNA (2006) Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job preview, realistic living conditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment. Group & Organization Management31(1): 154–73.
42.
ThomasDC (2006) Domain and development of cultural intelligence the importance of mindfulness. Group & Organization Management31(1): 78–99.
43.
ThomasDCElronEStahlG. (2008) Cultural intelligence domain and assessment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management8(2): 123–43.
44.
ThomasDCInksonK (2003) People Skills for Global Business: Cultural Intelligence. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
45.
TinsleyHETinsleyDJ (1987) Uses of factor analysis in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology34(4): 414.
46.
TriandisHC (2006) Cultural intelligence in organizations. Group & Organization Management31(1): 20–6.
47.
van DrielM (2008) Cultural Intelligence as an Emergent Organizational Level Construct. PhD Dissertation, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL.
48.
van DrielMGabrenyaWK (2013) Organizational cross-cultural competence: approaches to measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology44: 874–99.
49.
WernerfeltB (1984) A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal5(2): 171–80.
50.
WilliamsWMSternbergRJ (1988) Group intelligence: why some groups are better than others. Intelligence12(4): 351–77.
51.
YitmenI (2013) Organizational cultural intelligence: a competitive capability for strategic alliances in the international construction industry. Project Management Journal44(4): 5–25.
