Prior studies examined cross-national differences in the links between organizational characteristics and workers' attitudes and behaviors using a nation-as-a-moderator analytical model. We point out four major methodological problems of testing the nation-as-a-moderator model at individual level. Based on two series of cross-national studies that successfully employed multilevel modeling, we propose a cross-level nation-as-amoderator model to resolve the methodological problems. We further contend that the cross-level approach may also offer an alternative theoretical perspective for researchers to map and explain cross-national variation in organizational behaviors.
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