The major objective of the study was to analyze the structure and relative strength of the achievement motive of managers from various cultural environments. The Achievement Motive Questionnaire (AMQ), devised to assess achievement tendencies of subjects from various cultural backgrounds, was applied. It was hypothesized that although the basic structure of the domain would be similar there would be differences in the relative strength of the achievement motive in the various samples. Based on the responses of 202 Brazilian, 114 Israeli and 132 US managers, the main hypotheses were supported. The relative strength of achievement motive was different in the samples. The US managers were found to be highest on almost all items. The Brazilian managers were found to be higher than their Israeli colleagues in readiness to confront oneself with uncertainty, and difficulty, while the Israeli respondents were higher in readiness to confront oneself with personal responsibility, and with solving problems.
Atkinson, J.W. (1958) `Motives in Fantasy, Action and Society: A Method of Assessment and Study', Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
2.
Atkinson, J.W. (1974) `Strength of Motivation and Efficiency of Performance', In J.W. Atkinson and J.O. Raynor (eds) Motivation and Achievement. Washington, DC: Winston.
3.
Aycan, Z. (in press) `Whatever Happened to Individual-level Studies of Work Motivation', Cross-Cultural Psychology Bulletin, forthcoming.
4.
Canter, D. (1985) Facet Theory: Approaches to Social Research. New York: Springer.
5.
Cassidy, T. and Lynn, R. (1989) `A Multifactorial Approach to Achievement Motivation: The Development of a Comprehensive Measure', Journal of Occupational Psychology62: 301-312.
6.
Chiu, R.K. and Kosinski, F.A. Jr. (1994) `Is Chinese Conflict Handling Behavior Influenced by Chinese Values?', Social Behavior and Personality22: 81-90.
7.
Earley, P.C. (1993) `East meets West meets Mideast: Further Explorations of Collectivistic and Individualistic Work Groups', Academy of Management Journal36: 319-348.
8.
Elizur, D. (1970) Adapting to Innovation: A Facet Analysis of the Case of the Computer. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Academic Press.
9.
Elizur, D. (1979) `Assessing Achievement Motive of American and Israeli Managers: Design and Application of a Three-facet Measure', Applied Psychological Measurement3: 201-212.
10.
Elizur, D. (1986) `Achievement Motive and Sport Performance', International Review of Applied Psychology35: 209-224.
11.
Elizur, D. , Borg, I., Hunt, R. and Beck, I.M. (1991) `The Structure of Work Values: A Cross Cultural Comparison', Journal of Organizational Behavior12: 21-38.
12.
Elizur, D. and Guttman, L. (1976) `The Structure of Attitudes toward Work and Technological Change in an Organization', Administrative Science Quarterly21: 611-622.
13.
Elizur, D. and Magyari Beck, I. (1994) `Gender Differences in Achievement Motive: A Facet Analysis of Hungarian Samples', Journal of Psychology128: 63-70.
14.
Elizur, D. and Shye, S. (1976) Facet Analysi's of Achievement Motive: Definition of the Concept and Results of a Survey among Israeli Managers. Jerusalem: Bar-Ilan University and the Israel Institute of Applied Social Research.
15.
Elizur, D. and Tziner, A. (1985) `Achievement Motive: A Reconceptualization and New Instrument', journal of Occupational Behavior6: 209-228.
16.
Erez, M. (1987) `The Congruence of Goal Setting Strategies with Socio-cultural Values and its Effect on Performance', journal of Management12: 83-90.
17.
Faver, C.A. (1982) `Achievement Orientation, Attainment Values and Women's Employment', Journal of Vocational Behavior20: 67-80.
18.
Gould, S. (1980) `Need for Achievement, Career Mobility, and the Mexican-American College Graduation', Journal of Vocational Behavior16: 73-82.
19.
Grote, G.F. and James, L.R. (1991) `Testing Behavioral Consistency and Coherence with the Situation-Response Measure of Achievement Motivation', Multivariate Behavioral Research26: 655-691.
20.
Guttman, L. (1968) `A General Nonmetric Technique for Finding the Smallest Coordinate Space for a Configuration of Points', Psychometrika33: 469-506.
21.
Hui, H. and Luk, C.L. (1997) `Management and Organizational Behavior', in J.W. Berry, M.H. Segall and Kagitcibasi (eds) Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology: Vol. 3. Social Behavior and Applications (revised edn), pp. 371-412. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
22.
Jackson, D.N. , Ahmed, S.H. and Heapy, N.A. (1976) `Is Achievement a Unitary Construct?', Journal of Research in Personality10: 1-21.
23.
Johnston, R.A.A. (1957) `Methodological Analysis of Several Revised Forms of the Iowa Picture Interpretation Test', Journal of Personality25: 283-293.
24.
Katzell, R.A. and Thompson, D.E. (1990) `Work Motivation: Theory and Practice', American Psychologist45: 144-153.
25.
Kim, V. , Triandis, H.C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choy, S.C. and Yoon, G. (1994) Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
26.
Levy, S. (1981) `Lawful Roles of Facets in Social Theories', in I. Borg (ed.) Multidimensional Data Representation: When and Why, pp. 66-107. Ann Arbor, MI: Mathesis Press.
27.
McClelland, D.C. (1961) The Achievement Society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
28.
McClelland, D.C. , Atkinson, J.M., Clark, R.A. and Lowell, E.C. (1953) 7he Achievement Motive. New York: Appleton Century-Crofts.
29.
Miner, J.B. , Smith N.R. and Bracker, J.S. (1989) `Role of Entrepreneurial Task Motivation in the Growth of Technologically Innovative Firms', J7ournal of Applied Psychology74: 554-560.
30.
Mitchell, T.R. (1982) `Motivation: New Directions for Theory, Research, and Practice', Academy of Management Review7: 80-88.
31.
MOW International Research Team (1987) The Meaning of Working. London: Academic Press.
32.
Ouchi, W. (1981) Theory Z. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
33.
Ronen, S. (1979) `Cross-national Study of Employee Work Goals', International Review of Applied Psychology28: 1-12.
34.
Sagie, A. (1993) `Measurement of Religiosity and Work Obligations among Israeli Youth', Journal of Social Psychology133: 529-537.
35.
Sagie, A. (1994) `Assessing Achievement Motive: Construction and Application of a New Scale Using Elizur's Multifaceted Approach', Journal of Psychology128: 51-61.
36.
Sagie, A. , Elizur, D. and Yamauchi, H. (1996) `The Structure and Strength of Achievement Motivation: A Cross Cultural Comparison', Journal of Organizational Behavior17: 431-444.
37.
Schwartz, S.H. (1992) `Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries', in M. Zanna (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Vol. 25: 1-65. New York: Academic Press.
38.
Schwartz, S.H. (1994)'Beyond Individualism-Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values', in V. Kim, H.C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.C. Choy and G. Yoon (eds) Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Applications, pp. 85-122. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39.
Shye, S. (1978) `Achievement Motive: A Faceted Definition and Structure Analysis', Multivariate Behavioral Research13: 327-346.
40.
Shye, S. and Elizur, D. (1994) Introduction to Facet Theory: Content Design and Intrinsic Data Analysis in Behavioral Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
41.
Spence J.T. , Pred, R.S. and Helmreich, R.L. (1989) `Achievement Strivings, Scholastic Aptitude, and Academic Performance: A Follow-up to "Impatience versus Achievement Strivings in the Type A Pattern" `, journal of Applied Psychology74: 176-178.
42.
Triandis, H.C. (1994) `Cross-cultural Industrial and Organizational Psychology', in H.C. Triandis, M.D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (eds) Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd edn, Vol. 4, pp. 103-172. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Pychologists Press, Inc.
43.
Triandis, H.C. , Bontempo, R., Villareal, MJ., Asai, M. and Lucca, N. (1988) `Individualism and Collectivism: Cross Cultural Perspectives on Self In-group Relationships', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology54: 323-338.
44.
Weiner, B. (1980) Human Motivation. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
45.
Winslow, E.K. (1990) `The Issue of Motivating Entrepreneurial/Intrapreneurial Behavior', Journal of Creative Behavior24(4): 256-262.
46.
Yamauchi, H. , Beech JR., Hampson, S.L. and Lynn, R. (1991) Japanese-British Differences on Achievement-related Motives', Psychologia34: 157-163.
47.
Yamauchi, H. and Li, Y. (1993) `Achievement-related Motives and Work-related Attitudes of Japanese and Chinese Students', Psychological Reports7: 755-767.
48.
Young, S.M. (1992) `A Framework for Successful Adoption and Performance of Japanese Manufacturing Practices in the United States', Academy of Management Review17: 677-700.
