Knowledge about who the willing expatriates are and their corporate abode is essential information for firms struggling with an increasing demand for cosmopolitan executives. North American and European expatriate business managers responded to a mail survey about their expatriate career preferences. It was found that more managers with expatriate career preferences than without are older, have worked longer time abroad, are European, are externally recruited, have previously undertaken foreign assignments, are employed by small parent corporations and by corporations with a large percentage of parent country national expatriates worldwide. There was no difference in managers' expatriate career preferences with regard to period of tenure with parent corporation, gender, marital status, position, parent corporation's percentage of turnover generated abroad, period of international corporate operations, and number of countries of such operations. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Adler, NJ. (1995) `Expatriate Women Managers', in J. Selmer (ed.) Expatriate Management: New Ideas for International Business. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
2.
Adler, NJ. (1997) `Global Leadership: Women Leaders', Management International Review37(1): 171-196.
3.
Adler, NJ. and Bartholomew (1992) `Managing Globally Competent People', Academy of Management Executive6(3): 52-65.
4.
Arthur, W. and Bennett, W. (1995) `The International Assignee: The Relative Importance of Factors Perceived to Contribute to Success', Personnel Psychology48: 99-114.
5.
Aryee, S. (1997) `Selection and Training of Expatriate Employees', in N. Anderson and P. Herriot (eds) Handbook of Selection and Appraisal. London: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
6.
Bandura, A. (1971) Social Learning Theory. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
7.
Birdseye, M.G. and Hill J.S. (1995) `Individual, Organizational/Work and Environmental Influences on Expatriate Turnover Tendencies: An Empirical Study', Journal of International Business Studies26(4): 787-813.
8.
Black, J. S. (1991) `Returning Expatriates Feel Foreign in Their Native Land', Personnel68(8): 32-40.
9.
Black, J.S. , Gregersen, H.B. and Mendenhall, M.E. (1992) Global Assignments: Successfully Expatriating and Repatriating International Managers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
10.
Borg, M. (1988) International Transfers of Managers in Multinational Corporations. Studia Oeconomiae Negotorium, 27, Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
11.
Brewster, C. and Pickard, J. (1994) `Evaluating Expatriate Training', International Studies of Management and Organization24(3): 18-35.
12.
Brewster, C. and Scullion, H. (1997) `A Review and Agenda for Expatriate HRM', Human Resource Management Journal32-41.
13.
Brousseau, K.R. , Driver, MJ., Eneroth, K. and Larsson, R. (1996) `Career Pandemonium: Realigning Organizations and Individuals', Academy of Management Executive10(4): 52-66.
14.
Bruce, L. (1989) `Wanted: More Mongrels in the Corporate Kennel', International ManagementJanuary): 35-37.
15.
Caudron, S. (1994) `HR Revamps Career Itineraries', Personnel Journal (April): 64C-64P.
de Leon, C.T. and McPartlin, D. (1995) `Adjustment of Expatriate Children', in J. Selmer (ed.) Expatriate Management: New Ideas for International Business. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
19.
Dowling, P.J. , Welch, D.E. and Schuler, R.S. (1998) International Human Resource Management: Managing People in a Multinational Context, 3rd edn.Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing.
20.
Edstrdm, A. and Galbraith, J.R. (1977) `Transfers of Managers as a Coordination and Control Strategy in Multinational Organizations', Administrative Science Quarterly22: 248-263.
21.
Feldman, D.C. (1991) `Repatriate Moves as Career Transitions', Human Resource Management Review1: 163-178.
22.
Feldman, D.C. and Thomas, D.C. (1992) `Career Management Issues Facing Expatriates', Journal of International Business Studies23(2): 271-293.
23.
Fish, A. and Wood, J. (1996) `A Review of Expatriate Staffing Practices in Australian Business Enterprises', International Journal of Human Resource Management7(4): 846-865.
24.
Forster, N. (1997) "'The Persistent Myth of High Expatriate Failure Rates": A Reappraisal', International Journal of Human Resource Management8(4): 414-433.
25.
Forster, N. and Johnsen, M. (1996) `Expatriate Management Policies in UK Companies New to the International Scene', International Journal of Human Resource Management7(1): 177-205.
26.
Frazee, V. (1997) `Short-term Assignments Grow in Popularity', Workforce (April): 8.
27.
Friedman, B. and Overstall, O. (1996) `International Assignment Policies: The Starting-point for Expatriate Cost Management', Benefits & Compensation International26(4): 8-14.
28.
Glasgow, F. (1996) `Outsourced, Out of Mind?', Resident Abroad (August): 14-15.
29.
Gregersen, H. and Black, J.S. (1990) `A Multifaceted Approach to Expatriate Retention in International Assignments', Group & Organization Studies15(4): 461-485.
30.
Hailey, J. (1996) `Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling', People Management2(14): 32-34.
31.
Handler, C. and Lane, I. (1997) `Career Planning and Expatriate Couples', Human Resource Management Journal7(3): 67-78.
32.
Harvey, M. (1995a) `Addressing the Dual-career Expatriation Dilemma', Human Resource Planning19(4): 18-39.
33.
Harvey, M. (1995b) `The Impact of Dual-career Families on International Relocations', Human Resource Management Review5(3): 223-244.
34.
Harvey, M. (1997) `Dual-career Expatriates: Expectations, Adjustment and Satisfaction with International Relocation', Journal of International Business Studies28(3): 627-658.
35.
Harvey, M. , Speier, C. and Novicevic, M. (1999) `The Role of Inpatriates in a Globalization Strategy and Challenges Associated with the Inpatriation Process', Human Resource Planning22(1): 38-60.
36.
Harvey, M. , Speier, C. and Novicevic, M. (2000) `Strategic Global Resource Management: The Role of Inpatriate Managers', Human Resource Management Review10(2): 153-175.
37.
Kanter, R.M. (1995) World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy, New York: Simon & Schuster.
38.
Kilgore, J.E. and Shorrock, M.B. (1991) `International Relocation: The Future of Spouse Relocation Assistance', Journal of Career Development17(4): 271-284.
39.
Kobrin, S.J. (1988) `Expatriate Reduction and Strategic Control in American Multinational Corporations', Human Resource Management27: 63-75.
40.
Lublin, J.S. (1996) `An Overseas Stint Can Be a Ticket to the Top', The Wall Street Journal (29 January): B1.
41.
McShulskis, E. (1997) `Expatriate Program Costs Do Not Deter Growth', HR Magazine42(5): 20.
42.
Mendenhall, M.E. , Dunbar, E. and Oddou, G. (1987) `Expatriate Selection, Training and Career-Pathing: A Review and Critique', Human Resource Management26(3): 331-345.
43.
Mendenhall, M.E. and Macomber, J. (1997) `Rethinking the Strategic Management of Expatriates from a Non-linear Dynamic Perspective', in Z. Aycan (ed.) Expatriate Management: Theory and Research. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
44.
Mendenhall, M.E. and Oddou, G. (1985) `The Dimensions of Expatriate Acculturation: A Review', Academy of Management Review10(1): 39-47.
Naumann, E. (1991) `A Conceptual Model of Expatriate Turnover', Journal of International Business23(3): 499-531.
47.
Naumann, E. (1993) `Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction and Commitment Among Expatriate Managers', Group and Organization Management18: 153-187.
48.
Neuendorf, K. (1996) `Localization of Expatriates', Benefits & Compensation International26(3): 2-6.
49.
Ones, D.S. and Viswesvaran, C. (1997) `Personality Determinants in the Prediction of Aspects of Expatriate Job Success', in Z. Aycan (ed.) Expatriate Management: Theory and Research. Greenwich, CT:JAI Press.
50.
Osland, J.S. (1995) `Working Abroad: A Hero's Adventure', Training & Development (November): 47-51
51.
Peterson, R.B. , Sargent J., Napier, N.K. and Shim, W.S. (1996) `Corporate Expatriate HRM Policies, Internationalization, and Performance in the World's Largest MNCs', Management International Review36(3): 215-230.
52.
Prahalad, C.K and Doz, Y.L. (1981) `An Approach to Strategic Control in MNCs', Sloan Management Review2(4): 5-13.
53.
Punnett, B.-J. , Crocker, O. and Stevens, M.-A. (1992) `The Challenge for Women Expatriates and Spouses: Some Empirical Evidence', International Journal of Human Resource Management3(3): 585-592.
54.
Roberts, K. , Kossek, E.R. and Ozeki, C. (1998) `Managing the Global Workforce: Challenges & Strategies', Academy of Management Executive12(4): 93-106.
55.
Ronen, S. (1989) `Training the International Assignee', in I.E. Goldstein (ed.) Training and Development in Organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
56.
Scullion, H. (1993) `Creating International Managers: Recruitment and Development Issues', in P. Kirkbride (ed.) Human Resource Management in Europe. London: Routledge.
57.
Selmer, J. (1992) `Succession of Expatriate Top Managers in Foreign Subsidiaries: A Study of Swedish CEOs in Southeast Asia', Working Paper Series No. MS91073,Business Research Centre, School of Business, Hong Kong Baptist College: Hong Kong.
58.
Selmer, J. (1997) `Which is Easier: Adjusting to a Close or a Distant Culture? - The Experience of Western and Ethnic Chinese Expatriate Managers in the People's Republic of China', paper presented to the International Management Division at the 1997 Academy of Management Meetings, Boston, MA, 10-13 August.
59.
Selmer, J. (1998) `Psychological Barriers to International Adjustment: Western Business Expatriates in China', BRC Papers on Cross-cultural Management, Series No. CCMP 98014, Business Research Centre, School of Business, Hong Kong Baptist University.
60.
Selmer, J. and Lee, S. (1994) `International Transfer and Assignment of Australian and European Business Executives', Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources32(3): 1-12.
61.
Shackleton, V. and Newell, S. (1997) `International Assessment and Selection', in N. Anderson and P. Herriot (eds) Handbook of Selection and Appraisal. London: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Solomon, C.M. (1996) `Expats Say: Help Make Us Mobile', Personnel Journal75(7): 47-52.
64.
Solomon, C.M. (1997) `Growing Companies Hit Global Home Runs', Workforce76(6): 72-76.
65.
Stroh, L.K. , Varma, A. and Valy-Durbin, Sj. (2000) `Why are Women Left at Home: Are they Unwilling to Go on International Assignments?', Journal of World Business35(3): 241-255.
66.
Teagarden, M.B. and Gordon, G.D. (1995) `Corporate Selection Strategies and Expatriate Manager Success', in J. Selmer (ed.) Expatriate Management: New Ideas for International Business. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
67.
Torbiorn, I. (1982) Living Abroad: Personal Adjustment and Personnel Policy in the Overseas Setting. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
68.
Torbiorn, I. (1988) `Culture Barriers as a Social Psychological Construct: An Empirical Validation', in Y.Y. Kim and W.B. Gudykunst (eds) Cross-Cultural Adaptation: Current Approaches. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
69.
Tung, R.L. (1981) `Selection and Training of Personnel for Overseas Assignments', Columbia Journal of World Business16(1): 66-68.
70.
Tung, R.L. (1988) The New Expatriates: Managing Human Resources Abroad. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
71.
Tung, R.L. (1998) `American Expatriates Abroad: From Neophytes to Cosmopolitans', Journal of World Business33(2): 125-145.
72.
Vaughn, R.H. and Wilson, M.C. (1993) `Career Management Using Job Trees: Charting a Path through the Changing Organization', Human Resource Planning17(4): 43-55.
73.
West, D. (1996) `Expat Perks Slim as Firms Trim Expenses', National Underwriter100(50): 7.
74.
Whitehead, K. (1996) `Jobs on Local Terms', Resident Abroad (November): 60-61.
