This article, the first in a two-part series, examines the ramifications of the
complex relationships between race and space for definitions of the nation and
national identity in Rhodesia and Zimbabwe. Most generally, the workings of race and
space helped polarize Rhodesia and Zimbabwe between what was set up as
‘white’ and ‘black’, and limit the struggle
for power and claims on belonging to those two poles. Racial identity was inscribed
into spatial sensibilities and organization so that white space (the city)
functioned as a series of islands and black space (the countryside) activated
organic assertions of autochthony. More specifically, race and space informed the
creation of an intermediate racial category, ‘Coloured’, with no
substantive claim to a ‘real’ or ‘full’
identity and with no authoritative claim to the physical soil of the country.
Banton, M.
(1988) Racial Consciousness.
London: Longman
.
2.
Caftanzoglou, R.
(2001) ‘The Shadow of the Sacred Rock:
Contrasting Discourses of Place under the Acropolis’, in
B. Bender
and
M. Winer
(eds) Contested Landscapes: Movement, Exile and Place.
Oxford: Berg
.
3.
Coplan, D.
(1985) In Township Tonight!London and New York: Longman
.
4.
Croly, D.G.
(c.1864) Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the
Races, Applied to the American White Man and the Negro.
New York: Dexter and Hamilton
.
5.
De la Harpe, M.
(1992) Msasa Morning.
Harare: Roblaw
.
6.
Epstein, A.L.
(1992) Scenes form African Urban Life.
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
.
7.
Erasmus, Z.
, ed. (2001) Coloured by History, Shaped by Place:
Perspectives on Coloured Identities in the Cape.
Cape Town: Kwela
;
London: Global
.
8.
Erasmus, Z.
and
E. Pieterse
(1997) ‘Coloured by History, Shaped by Place:
Coloured Identities and Cultural Practices in the City’,
unpublished manuscript.
9.
Foucault, M.
(1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other
Writings 1972-1977.
New York: Pantheon
.
10.
Foucault, M.
(1993) ‘Space, Power and
Knowledge’, in
S. During
(ed.) The Cultural Studies Reader.
London and New York: Routledge
.
11.
Frederickse, J.
(1990) None but Ourselves: Masses vs Media in the Making of
Zimbabwe.
Harare: Anvil Press
.
12.
Fuller, A.
(2002) Don’t Let’s Go to the Dogs
Tonight.
London: Picador
.
13.
Garlake, P.S.
(1973) Great Zimbabwe.
London: Thames and Hudson
.
14.
Gilman, S.
(1985) Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality,
Race and Madness.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press
.
15.
Godwin, P.
and
I. Hancock
(1992) Rhodesians Never Die.
Harare: Baobab
.
16.
Goldhill, S.
and
R. Osborne, R.
, eds (1999) Performance Culture and Athenian Democracy.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
17.
Hall, S.
(1997) ‘Old and New
Identities’, in
A.D. King
(ed.) Culture, Globalization and the World-System: Contemporary
Conditions for the Representation of Identity.
London: Macmillan
.
18.
Hamilakis, Y.
and
E. Yalouri
(1996)
‘Antiquities as Symbolic Capital in Modern Greece’
, Antiquity70:
117-129
.
19.
Herzfeld, M.
(1991) A Place in History: Social and Monumental Time in a
Cretan Town.
Princeton: Princeton University Press
.
20.
Hove, C.
and
I. Trojanow
(1996) Guardians of the Soil.
Harare: Baobab
.
21.
Keegan, T.
(1996) Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial
Order.
Leicester: Leicester University Press
.
22.
Kennedy, D.
(1987) Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya
and Rhodesia.
Durham: Duke University Press
.
23.
King, A.
(1991) Culture, Globalization and the World System.
London: Macmillan
.
24.
Lan, D.
(1985) Guns and Rain.
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
.
25.
Lawrence, D.
and
S. Low
(1990)
‘The Built Environment and Spatial Form’
, Annual Review of Anthropology19:
453-505
.
26.
Lefebvre, H.
(1991) [1974] The Production of Space.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
27.
Lessing, D.
(1992) [1951] ‘A Home for the Highland
Cattle’, in Collected African Stories Vol. 1.
London: Paladin
.
28.
Mamdani, M.
(1996) Citizen and Subject.
London: James Currey, Fountain and David Philip
.
29.
Marks, S.
and
S. Trapido
, eds (1987) The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism in
Twentieth Century South Africa.
London: Longman
.
30.
Miles, R.
(1989) Racism.
London: Routledge
.
31.
Moore, G.J.
(1986) The Anglo-Indian Vision.
Melbourne: AE Press
.
32.
Muzondidya, J. (1996) ‘The State, Local Government, Local Capital
and the Residential Segregation of Minorities: The Case of Coloureds and Indians in
Salisbury (1890 -1945)’, MA thesis, Dept. of History, University of Zimbabwe.
33.
Noyes, J.
(1992) Colonial Space: Spatiality in the Discourse of German
South West Africa 1884-1915.
London: Harwood
.
34.
Nyamfukudza, S.
(1980) The Non-Believer’s Journey.
London: Heinemann
.
35.
Palmer, R.
(1977) Land and Racial Domination in Rhodesia.
London: Heinemann
.
36.
Pickard-Cambridge, C.
(1988) Sharing the Cities: Residential Desegregation in
Harare, Windhoek and Mafikeng.
Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations
.
37.
Raftopoulos, B.
and
T. Yoshikuni
(1999) Keep on Knocking: A History of the Labour Movement in
Zimbabwe 1900-1997.
Harare: Baobab
.
38.
Rutherford, B.
(2001) Working on the Margins: Black Workers and White
Farmers in Postcolonial Zimbabwe.
London: Zed Books
.
39.
Saunders, R.
(2000) Never the Same Again.
Harare: Edwina Spicer Productions
.
40.
Seirlis, J.K. (1999) ‘Arcadia: Urban Space and
“Coloured” ’ Identities in Harare,
Zimbabwe’, DPhil thesis, Dept. of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Wadham
College, University of Oxford.
41.
Sennett, R.
(1994) Flesh and Stone: The Body and the City in Western
Civilization.
New York and London: WW Norton
.
42.
Smith, I.
(1997) The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas
Smith.
London: Blake
.
43.
Soja, E.
(1989) Postmodern Geographies.
London: Verso
.
44.
Spicer, E.
(1997) Multi-shoot: Films on Politics, Race and Women.
Harare: Edwina Spicer
.
45.
Stocking, G.
, ed. (1991) Colonial Situations: Essays on the
Contextualization of Ethnographic Knowledge.
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
.
46.
Tanser, G.H.
(1974) A Sequence of Time.
Salisbury: Pioneer Head
.
47.
Vaughan, M.
(1991) Curing their Ills.
London: Polity Press
.
48.
Vera, Y.
(1994) Why Don’t You Carve Other Animals?Harare: Baobab
.
49.
West, M.O.
(2002) The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial
Zimbabwe, 1898-1965.
Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
.
50.
Yalouri, E.
(2001) The Acropolis: Global Fame, Local Claim.
Oxford: Berg
.
51.
Young, R.
(1995) Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race.
London: Routledge
.
52.
Zinyama, L.
(1993) Harare: The Growth and Problems of a City.
Harare: University of Zimbabwe Press
.
