People with learning disabilities experience anxiety disorders, as do the general population. Many studies have highlighted the incidence of anxiety disorders in this population, but they have fallen short of addressing prevalence and issues associated with anxiety disorders and its impact. This paper brings together major published studies of anxiety disorder on people with learning disabilities. Its purpose is to raise awareness among health professionals in the field of learning disabilities, and to highlight the need for continued research to address this issue effectively.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Benson B.A.1985Behaviour disorders and mental retardation: associations with age, sex, and level of functioning in an outpatient sample. Applied Research in Mental Retardation6: 79-85
2.
Bergman J.D., Leckman J.F., Ort S.I.1988Fragile X syndrome: genetic predisposition to psychopathologyJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders18: 343-354
3.
Bernal J., Hollins S.1995Psychiatric illness and learning disability: a dual diagnosis . Advances in Psychiatric Treatment1: 138-145
4.
Bouras N., Drummond C.1992Behaviour and psychiatric disorders of people with mental handicaps living in the community. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research36: 349-357
5.
Carr E.G., Smith C.E.1995Biological setting events for self-injury. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disability Research Review1: 94-98
6.
Calaman J.E., Geist G.O., Shahbazian M.J.1987Evaluation of multiple component relaxation training with developmentally disabled personsResearch in Developmental Disabilities8: 55-70
7.
Chamblass D.L.1985The relationship of seventy agoraphobia to associated psychopathology . Behaviour, Research and Therapy23. 305-310
8.
Craft M.1960Mental disorder in a series of English outpatient defectives . American Journal on Mental Deficiency64: 718-724
9.
Day K.1985Psychiatric disorder in the middle-aged and elderly mentally handicapped. British Journal of Psychiatry147: 660-667
10.
Eaton L.F., Menolascino F.J.1982Psychiatric disorders in the mentally retarded. types, problems and challenges. American Journal of Psychiatry139: 1297-1303
11.
Fraser W., Nolan M.1994Psychiatric disorders in mental retardation. In: Nouras N (ed) Mental Health in Mental Retardation: Recent Advances. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
12.
Gedye A.1992Recognising obsessive-compulsive disorder in clients with developmental disabilities. The Habilitative Mental Health Care News Letter11: 73-74
13.
Heller T.1984Issues in adjustment of mentally retarded individuals to residential relocation. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation12: 123-147
14.
Iverson J.C., Fox R.A.1989Prevalence of psychopathology among mentally retarded adultsResearch in Developmental Disabilities10: 77-84
15.
Jacobson J.W.1990Do some mental disorders occur less frequently among persons with mental retardation? American Journal on Mental Retardation94596-602
16.
Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Zhao S. et al 1994Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity SurveyArchives of General Psychiatry518-19
17.
Klein D.F.1981Anxiety reconceptualised. In: Klein D F, Rabkin J G (eds). Anxiety: New Research and Changing Concepts. Raven Press , New York
18.
Lindsay W.R., Baty F.J.1989Group relaxation training with adults who are mentally handicappedBehavioural Psychotherapy17: 43-51
19.
Lmdsay W.R., Baty F.J., Michie A.M., Richardson I.1989A comparison of anxiety treatments with adults who have moderate and severe mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities10: 129-140
20.
Lindsay W.R., Michie A.M., Baty F.J. et al 1994The consistency of reports about feelings and emotions from people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research38: 61-66
21.
McNally R.J.Ascher L.M.1987Anxiety disorders in mentally retarded people. In. Michelson L, Ascher L M (eds) Anxiety and Stress Disorders: Cognitive-Behavioural Assessment and Treatment. Guilford Press, New York
22.
Nezu C.M., Nezu A.M.1991Assertiveness and problem solving training for mildly mentally retarded persons with dual diagnosis. Research in Developmental Disabilities371-386
23.
Ollendick T.H., Ollendick D.G.1982Anxiety disorders. In: Matson J L, Barrett R P (eds). Psychopathology in the Mentally Retarded. Grune & Stratton , New York
24.
Patel P., Goldberg D., Moss S.1993Psychiatric morbidity in older people with moderate and severe learning disability II. the prevalence study. British Journal of Psychiatry163: 481-491
25.
Philips I., Williams N.1975Psychopathology and mental retardation: a study of 100 mentally retarded children: 1. Psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry132: 1265-1271
26.
Pollock H.1944Mental disease among mental defectives. American Journal of Psychiatry101: 361-363
27.
Reid A.H.1980Psychiatric disorders in mentally handicapped children: a clinical and follow up studyJournal on Mental Deficiency Research24: 287-298
28.
Reid A.H.1985Psychiatry and mental handicap In Craft M, Bicknell J, Hollins S (eds). Mental Handicap: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Ballière Tindall, East Sussex
29.
Reiss S., Benson B.A.1984Awareness of negative social conditions among mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed patients. American Journal of Psychiatry141: 88-90
30.
Reiss S., Trenn E.1984Consumer demand for outpatient mental health services for mentally retarded people. Mental Retardation22: 112-115
31.
Reiss S., Sysko J.1993Diagnostic overshadowing and professional experience with mentally retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency47415-421
32.
Richardson S.A., Katz M., Koller H. et al 1979Some characteristics of a population of mentally retarded young adults in a British city: a basis for estimating some service needs. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research23: 275-285
33.
Ryan R.1994Post-traumatic stress syndrome: assessing and treating the aftermath of sexual assault. The NADD Newsletter3: 5-7
34.
Ryan R.1995Posttraumatic stress disorder in persons with developmental disabilities. Community Mental Health Journal3045-54
35.
Sobsey D.1994The research that shattered the myths: understanding the nature and nature of abuse and abusers. The NADD Newsletter3: 1-4
36.
Vitiello B., Behar D.1992Mental retardation and psychiatric illness. Hospital and Community Psychiatry43: 494-499
37.
Vitiello B., Spreat S., Behar D.1989Obsessive-compulsive disorder in mentally retarded patientsThe Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease177. 232-236
