Many studies have analysed the relation between the self understandings of citizenship or identity of western states on the one hand and national integration and immigration policies on the other. As migration regulation in recent years has shifted to a considerable extent to the European level, it seems appropriate to address issues of migration and identity also in that context. The central question of this article is whether European Union (EU) immigration policies that privilege people from some countries over others — because of special cultural, ethnic or historical ties — can be justified. Criteria for evaluation are developed and the EU visa regulations are put to the test.
Ackerman, B. (1980) Social Justice and the Liberal State. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2.
Agit (1999) `Academic Group on (Im)Migration - Tampere: Efficient, Effective and Encompassing Approaches to a European Immigration and Asylum Policy', International Journal of Refugee Law11: 338-74.
3.
Annas, J. (1993) The Morality of Happiness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4.
Aristotle (1982) Nicomachean Ethics, trans. H. Rackham. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library Harvard University Press.
5.
Bader, V. (1999) `Citizenship of the European Union: Human Rights, Rights of Citizens of the Union and of Member States', Ratio Juris12: 153-81.
6.
Baier, A. (1995) `A Note on Justice, Care and Immigration Policy' , Hypathia10: 150-2.
7.
Barry, B. and R.E. Goodin, eds (1992) Free Movement: Ethical Issues in the Trans-national Migration of People and of Money. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
8.
Bigo, D. (2002) `Security and Immigration: Towards a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease', Alternatives27: 63-92.
9.
Bigo, D. and E. Guild (2005) `Policing at a Distance: Schengen Visa Policies' , in D. Bigo and E. Guild (eds) Controlling Frontiers: Free Movement into and within Europe, pp. 233-63. Aldershot: Ashgate.
10.
Boswell, C. (2003) `The "External Dimension" of EU Immigration and Asylum Policy', International Affairs79: 619-38.
11.
Brugger, W. (1994) `Menschenrechte von Flüchtlinge in universalistischer und kommunitaristischer Sicht' (Human rights of refugees from universal and communitarian perspectives), Archiv für rechts und sozial Philosophie80(3): 318-34.
12.
Byrne, R. (2003) `Harmonization and Burden Redistribution in Two Europes', Journal of Refugee Studies16: 336-58.
13.
Carens, J.H. (1987) `Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders' , Review of Politics49(2): 251-73.
14.
Carens, J.H.( 1988) `Nationalism and the Exclusion of Immigrants: Lessons from Australian Immigration Policy', in M. Gibney (ed.) Open Borders? Closed Societies? The Ethical and Political Issues, pp. 41-60. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
15.
Carens, J.H. (1991) `States and Refugees: A Normative Analysis', in H. Adelman (ed.) Refugee Policy: Canada and the United States, pp. 18-29. Toronto: York Lane Press.
16.
Carens, J.H. (1992) `Refugees and the Limits of Obligation', Public Affairs Quarterly6: 31-44.
17.
Chimni, B. (2000) `Globalisation, Humanitarianism and the Erosion of Refugee Protection', Journal of Refugee Studies13: 243-63.
18.
Cole, P. (2000) Philosophies of Exclusion: Liberal Political Theory and Immigration. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
19.
Elshtain, J.B. (1981) Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
20.
Gans, C. (1998) `Nationalism and Immigration', Ethical Theory and Moral Practice1: 159-80.
21.
Geddes, A.( 2003) The Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe. London: Sage.
22.
Ghosh, B., ed. (2000) Managing Migration: Time for a New International RegimeOxford: Oxford University Press.
23.
Gilligan, C. (1982) In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
24.
Goodin, R.E. (1985) Protecting the Vulnerable: A Reanalysis of Our Social Responsibilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
25.
Groenendijk, K. (1999) `Long-term Immigrants and the Council of Europe' , European Journal of Migration and Law1: 275-92.
26.
Groenendijk, C.A. and P.E. Minderhoud (2004) `De Nederlandse invloed op nieuwe Europese regels betreffende migratie en asiel' (The Dutch influence on new rules concerning migration and asylum, in W. Asbeek Brusse, D. Broeders and R. Griffiths (eds) Immigratie en Asiel in Europa. Een lange weg naar gemeenschappelijkheid, pp. 137-61. Utrecht : Lemma.
27.
Guild, E. (1999) `Discretion, Competence and Migration in theEuropean Union', European Journal of Migration and Law1: 61-87.
28.
Guild, E. (2001) Moving the Borders of Europe. Nijmegen: Radboud University, Faculty of Law.
29.
Guild, E. and C. Harlow , eds (2001) ImplementingAmsterdam: Immigration and Asylum Rights in EC Law. Oxford.
30.
Guiraudon, V. (2000) `European Integration and Migration Policy: Vertical Policy-making as Venue Shopping', Journal of Common Market Studies38: 251-71.
31.
Guiraudon, V. (2003) `Before the EU Border: Remote Control of the "Huddled Masses"', in K. Groenendijk, E. Guild and P. Minderhoud (eds) In Search of Europe's Borders, pp. 191-214. The Hague: Kluwer.
32.
Habermas, J. (1992) Faktizität und Geltung: Beiträge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaats (Between facts and norms). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
33.
Hampton, J. (1995) `Immigration, Identity, and Justice', in W.F. Schwartz (ed.) Justice in Immigration , pp. 67-93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34.
Joppke, C. (2005) Selecting by Origin: Ethnic Migration in the Liberal State. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
35.
Kant, I. (2003[1795]) To Perpetual Peace. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
36.
Kostakopoulou, D. (1998) `Is There an Alternative to "Schengenland"?', Political Studies46: 886-902.
37.
Kymlicka, W. (1989) Liberalism, Community, and Culture. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
38.
Lacroix, J. (2002) `For a European Constitutional Patriotism', Political Studies50: 944-58.
39.
Lavenex, S. (1998) `"Passing the Buck": European Union Refugee Policies towards Central and Eastern Europe', Journal of Refugee Studies11: 126-45.
40.
Lehning, P. (1998) `European Citizenship: Between Facts and Norms' , Constellations4: 346-67.
41.
MacIntyre, A. (1983) `The Magic in the Pronoun "My"', Ethics94: 113-25.
42.
MacIntyre, A. (1984) Is Patriotism A Virtue?, The Lindley Lectures. Kansas: University of Kansas.
43.
Mertens, T. (1996) `Cosmopolitanism and Citizenship: Kant Against Habermas', European Journal of Philosophy4(3): 328-47.
44.
Noll, G. (2000) Negotiating Asylum: The EU Acquis, Extraterritorial Protection and the Common Market of Deflection. The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff.
45.
Perry, S.R. (1995) `Immigration, Justice, and Culture', in W.F. Schwartz (ed.) Justice in Immigration , pp. 94-135. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46.
Pogge, T.W. (2002) World Poverty and Human Rights. Oxford: Blackwell.
47.
Rawls, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
48.
Sandel, M. (1982) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
49.
Scanlon, J.A. and O.T. Kent (1988) `The Force of Moral Arguments for a Just Immigration Policy in A Hobbesian Universe', in M. Gibney (ed.) Open Borders? Closed Societies? The Ethical and Political Issues, pp. 61-107. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
50.
Shacknove, A.( 1985) `Who Is a Refugee?', Ethics95: 274-84.
51.
Shue, H. (1988) `Mediating Duties', Ethics98: 687-704.
52.
Sidgwick, H. (1981[1907]) The Methods of Ethics. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
53.
Singer, P. and R. Singer (1988) `The Ethics of Refugee Policy', in M. Gibney (ed.) Open Borders? Closed Societies? The Ethical and Political Issues, pp. 112-30. Westport, CT : Greenwood Press.
54.
Somek, A. (1998) `National Solidarity, Global Impartiality, and the Performance of Philosophical Theory: The Example of Migration Policy' , Ratio Juris11: 103-25.
55.
Tamir, Y. (1993) Liberal Nationalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
56.
Taylor, C. (1994) `The Politics of Recognition', in A. Gutmann (ed.) Multiculturalism, pp. 25-73. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
57.
Tholen, B. (1997) Vreemdelingenbeleid en rechtvaardigheid? (Justice in migration policy?). Nijmegen: GNI.
58.
Tholen, B. (2004) `The Europeanisation of Migration Policy - The Normative Dimensions', European Journal of Migration and Law6: 323-51.
59.
Trappenburg, M. (1998) `On Entering the Liberal State', Acta Politica33: 139-64.
60.
Ucarer, E. (2001) `Managing Asylum and European Integration: Expanding Spheres of Exclusion?', International Studies Perspectives2(3): 288-304.
61.
Vink, M. (2003) Limits of European Citizenship: European Integration and Immigration - Policies in the Netherlands. Veenendaal : Universal Press.
62.
Walzer, M. (1983) Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. Oxford: Blackwell.
63.
Williams, B. (1981) Moral Luck. Cambridge University Press.
