The Moro (the preferred term for ‘Muslims’ in the Philippines)
people’s struggle for national self-determination has placed under
critical interrogation the hallowed theories of cultural pluralism, liberal
tolerance, and multi-culturalism that continue to legitimize the domination of
diverse ethnic groups under elite control in contemporary Filipino society.
Bourgeois political norms and laws have led since colonial times to the severe
dispossession, exclusion, and impoverishment of the Moro people as a distinct
historical community united under Islamic faith and an uninterrupted history of
preserving its relative autonomy through various modes of anti-colonial resistance.
Since the Spanish (1621-1898) and American colonial periods (1899-1946), up to the
present Arroyo government’s neocolonial polity subservient to US hegemony,
the Moro people have suffered national, class, and religious oppression. The Moro
insurgents are labeled ‘terrorists’ and stigmatized daily by the
media, schools, Christian churches, and international business. It is the obligation
of Filipino radicals and progressive organizations around the world to recognize the
Moro people’s right to self-determination and offer solidarity. This
article is a modest attempt to express this solidarity by a preliminary critique of
neoliberal ideology (including a certain type of sectarian ultra-leftism) that
apologizes for, and foments overtly and covertly, the genocidal wars currently
raging in the Moro homelands of southern Philippines.
Ahmad, Aijaz
(1982)
‘Class and Colony in Mindanao’
, Southeast Asia Quarterly82:
4-11
.
2.
Ahmed An-Naim, Abdullahi
(1990) ‘Qur’an, Shari’a and
Human Rights: Foundations, Deficiencies and Prospects’, in
Hans Kung
and
Jurgen Moltmann
(eds) The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights.
London: SCM Press
.
3.
Amir, Samir
(2004) ‘Confronting the
Empire’, in
John Bellamy Foster
and
Robert McChesney
(eds) Pox Americana, pp. 104-111.
New York: Monthly Review Press
.
4.
Anderson, Perry
(1976-77)
‘The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci’
, New Left Review100:
20-56
.
5.
Asad, Talal
(2003) Formations of the Secular.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
.
6.
Asani, Abdurasad
(1980) ‘Case for
Self-Determination’, in
Komite ng Sambayanang Pilipino
(ed.) Philippines: Repression and Resistance, pp.
226-233.
London: Komite ng Sambayanang Pilipino
.
7.
Bauzon, Kenneth
(1991) Liberalism and the Quest for Islamic Identity in the
Philippines.
Durham, NC: The Acorn Press
.
8.
Bauzon, Kenneth
(1999)
‘The 1996 Peace Agreement Between the GRP and the MNLF for the
Southern Philippines: Some Critical Reflections’
, Ethnic Studies Report17(2):
1-21
.
9.
Bentley, G. Carter
(1991) ‘People Power and After in the Islamic
City of Marawi’, in
Benedicrt Kerkvliet
and
Resil Mojares
(eds) From Marcos to Aquino.
Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press
.
10.
Bourdieu, Pierre
(1993) The Field of Cultural Production.
New York: Columbia University Press
.
11.
Casino, Eric S.
(1987) ‘Interethnic Conflict in the Philippine
Archipelago’, in
Jerry Boucher, Dan Landis
and
Karen Arnold
(eds) Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives.
Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications
.
12.
Casino, Eric S.
(2000) Mindanao Statecraft and Ecology.
Cotabato City: Notre Dame University
.
13.
Castles, Steven
,
Bill Cooper, Mary Kalantazas
and
Michael Morrissey
(1996) ‘Australia: Multi-Ethnic Community
without Nationalism?’, in
John Hutchinson
and
Anthony D. Smith
(eds) Ethnicity, pp. 358-366.
New York: Oxford University Press
.
14.
Chafee, Fredric
(1969) Area Handbook for the Philippines.
Washington DC: US Government Printing Office
.
15.
Che Man, W. K.
(1990) Muslim Separatism: The Moros of Southern Philippines
and the Malays of Southern Thailand.
Singapore: Oxford University Press
.
16.
Constantino, Renato
(1978) Neocolonial Identity and Counter-Consciousness.
White Plains, NY: M.E. Sharpe
.
17.
Demko, George
(1992) Why In the World: Adventures in Geography.
New York: Anchor Books
.
18.
Dumont, Jean Paul
(1995) ‘Ideas on Philippine Violence:
Assertions, Negations and Narrations’, in
Vicente Rafael
(ed.) Discrepant Histories, pp. 104-139.
Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press
.
19.
Elisabeth, Adriana
(1998) ‘The Philippine Revolution and Nation
Formatiion in Southeast Asia’, in
Elmer Ordonez
(ed.) Toward the First Asian Republic, pp.
1-7.
Manila: Philippine Centennial Commission
.
20.
Enloe, Cynthia
(1973) Ethnic Conflict and Political Development.
Boston, MA: Little, Brown
.
21.
Espiritu, Socorro
and
Chester L. Hunt
, eds (1964) Social Foundations of Community
Development.
Manila, Philippines: R.M. Garcia
.
22.
Fabian, Johannes
(1983) Time and the Other.
New York: Columbia University Press
.
23.
Forbes, W. Cameron
(1945[1928]) The Philippine Islands.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
.
24.
Frake, Charles O.
(1998)
‘Abu Sayyaf’
, American Anthropologist100(1):
41-54
.
25.
Garaudy, Roger
(1990) ‘Human Rights and Islam: Foundation,
Tradition, Violation’, in
Hans Kung
and
Jurgen Moltmann
(eds) The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights.
London: SCM Press
.
26.
Geertz, Clifford
. (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures.
New York: Basic Books
.
27.
Gershman, John.
(2001) ‘Moros in the Philippines’%5Bhttp://www.selfdetermine.org/conflicts/philippines_body.html%5D.
28.
Gilsenan, Michael
(1982) Recognizing Islam.
New York: Pantheon
.
29.
Gowing, Peter
(1979) The Muslim Filipinos: Heritage and Horizon.
Quezon City: New Day Publishers
.
30.
Grossholtz, Jean
(1964) The Philippines.
Boston, MA: Little, Brown
.
31.
Guerrero, Leon Ma
(1979)
‘Encounter of Cultures’
, Asia and Pacific Quarterly11(3):
11-21
.
32.
Gurr, Ted Robert
(1993) Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical
Conflicts.
Washington, DC: United States Institute of
Peace Press
.
33.
Gutierrez, Eric
(2000) ‘New Faces of Violence in Muslim
Mindanao’, in
Kristina Gaerlan
and
Mara Stankovitch
(eds) Rebels, Warlords, and Ulama: A Reader on Muslim Separatism and the
War in Southern Philippines, pp. 131-151.
Quezon City: Institute for Popular Democracy
.
34.
Gutmann, Amy
, ed. (1994) Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of
Recognition.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
.
35.
Harper, Peter
and
Laurie Fullerton
(1993) Philippines Handbook.
Chico, CA: Moon Publications
.
36.
Harvey, David
(1996) Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference.
Cambridge, MA: Blackwell
.
37.
Hassan, Hatimil
(1980) ‘The Moro National Liberation Front and
the Present Resistance’, in
Komite ng Sambayanang Pilipino
(ed.) Philippines: Repression and Resistance, pp.
252-256.
London: Permanent People’s Tribunal
.
38.
Hedman, Eva Lotta
and
John Sidel
(2000) Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth
Century.
London: Routledge
.
39.
Hoefer, Hans Johannes
, ed. (1980) Philippines.
Hong Kong: Apa Productions
.
40.
Hunt, Chester
and
Socorro Espiritu
(1963) Sociology in the Philippine Setting.
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House
.
41.
Hussin, Parouk
(1981) ‘The Marcos Regime Campaign of
Genocide’, in
Komite ng Sambayanang Pilipino
(ed.) Philippines Repression and Resistance, pp.
257-260.
London: Permanent People’s Tribunal
.
42.
International Peace Mission to Basilan, Philippines (2002) Basilan: The
Next Afghanistan? Unpublished paper, 22-27 March 2002.
43.
Jalandoni, Luis
(1996) ‘Philippine National Minorities or
Indigenous Peoples: Their Current Situation and the Policies of the
Revolutionary Movement’, 16 February %5Bhttp://www.Geocities.com/-cpp-ndf/ndf12.htm%5D.
44.
Karnow, Stanley
(1989) In Our Image.
New York: Random House
.
45.
Lenin, V. I.
(1971) ‘The Socialist Revolution and the Right
of Nations to Self-determination’, in Selected
Works, pp. 157-168.
New York: International Publishers
.
46.
Leone, Bruno
(1986) Racism: Opposing Viewpoints (The Isms).
St Paul, MN: Green-haven Press
.
47.
Lowy, Michael
(1998) Fatherland or Mother Earth?London: Pluto Press
.
48.
Luxemburg, Rosa
(1976) The National Question: Selected Writings, ed.
Horace Davis
.
New York: Monthly Review Press
.
49.
Lynch, Frank
(1979) ‘Perspectives in Filipino
Clannishness’, in
Mary Racelis Hollnsteiner
(ed.) Society, Culture and the Filipino, pp.
103-107.
Quezon City: The Institute of Philippine Culture
.
50.
Majul, Cesar A.
(1988a)
‘The Moro Struggle in the Philippines’
, Third World Quarterly10(2):
897-922
.
51.
Majul, Cesar A.
(1988b)
‘The Moros of the Philippines’
, Conflict8:
169-184
.
52.
Mannheim, Karl.
(1936) Ideology and Utopia.
New York: Harcourt Brace
.
53.
Mastura, Michael
(1983) ‘Filipino Muslims in Contemporary
Society: Visions and Directions of Development’, in
F. Landa Jocano
(ed.) Filipino Muslims: Their Social Institutions and Cultural
Achievements, pp. 130-146.
Quezon City: Asian Center
.
54.
McKenna, Thomas M.
(1998) Muslim Rulers and Rebels.
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
.
55.
Nielsen, Jorgen S.
(1982)
‘The Resurgence of Islam’
, IDOC International, 1-2:
1-3
.
56.
Noble, Lela
(1987) ‘The Muslim
Insurgency’, in
David B. Schirmer
and
Stephen R. Shalom
(eds) The Philippines Reader, pp. 193-198.
Boston, MA: South End Press
.
Peplow, Evelyn
(1991) The Philippines.
Lincolnwood, IL: Passport Books
.
59.
Pomeroy, William
(1992) The Philippines: Colonialism, Collaboration, and Resistance!New York: International Publishers
.
60.
Quimpo, Nathan Gilbert (2000) ‘Option in the Pursuit of a Just,
Comprehensive and Stable Peace in Mindanao’, unpublished paper.
61.
Reid, Anthony
(1984)
‘Islamization and Colonial Rule in Moroland’
, Solidarity100:
64-73
.
62.
Rex, John
(1997) ‘The Concept of a Multicultural
Society’, in
Montserrat Guibernau
and
John Rex
(eds) The Ethnicity Reader.
Malden, MA: Blackwell
.
63.
Rodil, B. R.
(1993) The Lumad and Moro of Mindanao.
London: Minority Rights Group
.
64.
Roxas-Lim, Aurora
(1996) ‘Philippine Ethnolinguistic
Groups’, in
Thelma B. Kintanar
and
Associates
(eds) Cultural Dictionary for Filipinos.
Quezon City: University of the Philippines
Press and Anvil Publishing
.
65.
San Juan, E.
(2002) Racism and Cultural Studies.
Durham, NC: Duke University Press
.
66.
Sayyid, Bobby
(1994) ‘Sign O’ Times: Kaffirs and
Infidels Fighting the Ninth Crusade’, in
Ernesto Laclau
(ed.) The Making of Political Identities.
London: Verso
.
67.
Shaw, Martin
(1975) Marxism and Social Science.
London: Pluto Press
.
68.
Silva, Rad
(1978) Two Hills of the Same Land.
Manila: Mindanao-Sulu Critical Studies and
Research Group
.
69.
Singer, Peter
, ed. (1994) Ethics.
New York: Oxford University Press
.
70.
Sison, Jose Maria
(1996) The Philippine Revolution and the Nationality
Question.
Utrecht, Netherlands: Center for Social Studies
.
71.
Stankovitch, Mara, ed. (2000)
‘Compromising on Autonomy: Mindanao in Transition’
, Accord6:
13-16
.
72.
Stauffer, Robert B.
(1975)
‘The ‘Development’ of Mindanao’
, PahayagJune:
3-7
.
73.
Stauffer, Robert B.
(1981) The Politics of Becoming: The Mindanao Conflict in a
World-System Perspective, Dependency Series: Third world Studies
Center, No. 31.
Quezon City: University of the Philippines
.
74.
Steinberg, David J.
(1982) The Philippines: A Singular and A Plural Place.
Boulder, CO: Westview Press
.
75.
Steinberg, David J.
(1986) ‘Tradition and
Response’, in
John Bresnan
(ed.) Crisis in the Philippines: The Marcos Era and Beyond, pp.
30-54.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
.
76.
Tadem, Eduardo C.
(1980) ‘A Critique of Development Patterns in
Mndanao’, Third World Studies Discussion Paper No. 19.
Quezon City: Third World Studies Center,
University of the Philippines
.
77.
Tan, Samuel K.
(1998) ‘The Filipino Muslims Against American
Rule’, in
Elmer Ordonez
(ed.) Toward the First Asian Republic, pp.
113-132.
Manila, Philippines: Philippine Centennial Commission
.
78.
Third World Studies
(1979)
‘Mindanao: Development and Marginalization’
, AMPO Japan-Asia Quarterly 4th quarter:
24-40
.
79.
Torres, Jose Jr
(2001) Into the Mountain: Hostaged by the Abu Sayyaf.
Quezon City: Claretian Publications
.
80.
Twain, Mark
(1992) Mark Twain’s Weapons of Satire (ed.
Jim Zwick
).
Syracuse, NY: Syracus University Press
.
81.
Van den Berghe, Pierre
(1967) Race and Racism: A Comparative Perspective.
New York: Wiley
.
82.
Veneracion, Jaime
(1987) Agos ng Dugong Kayumanggi (History of the
Philippines).
Quezon City, Philippines: Education Forum
.
83.
Vitug, Marites Danguilan
and
Glenda Gloria
(2000) Under the Crescent Moon: Rebellion in Mindanao.
Quezon City: Ateneo Center for Social Policy
and Public Affairs
.
84.
Warren, James Francis
(1998) The Sulu Zone.
Amsterdam: VU University Press
.
85.
Weightman, George
(1987)
‘Sociology in the Philippines’
, International Review of Modern Sociology17:
35-62
.
86.
Worcester, Dean
(1914) The Philippines Past and Present.
New York: Macmillan
.
87.
Žižek, Slavoj
(1997)
‘Multiculturalism, Or, the Cultural Logic of Multinational Capitalism’
, New Left Review225 (September-October):
28-51
.
