Since the end of the First World War, the history of Austria-Hungary's demise has been the subject of considerable historiographical controversy. Historians have been concerned to show either the inevitability or impropriety of the dismemberment of the Habsburg empire. This article traces the shifting imaginative representations of Austria-Hungary prior to and during the First World War with the intention of understanding the changing status of cultural diversity in liberal conceptions of the model political state in this same period, and the prevalence of foundationalist assumptions about the naturalness of national identification, and the unnatural and repressive nature of multinational states like the former Austria-Hungary. My specific focus is the influence of psychological conceptions of racial and national difference in the constitution of early 20th-century liberal imaginaries of the nation and the normative state.
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