This essay surveying W.E.B. Du Bois’ views on citizenship contends that the conventional canon in ‘Du Bois as sociologist’ studies tends to fixate on his pre-First World War years as a Social Darwinian reformer, focusing on the cultural and legal exclusion of African American and Pan-African citizens. Ignored in this focus is his turn to the left after his 1926 visit to the Soviet Union, which contributed to his gradual transformation into a Marxist-oriented world peace advocate and, during his last years, into a Communist. The Red Scare, the Cold War, the factor of race in Jim Crow America, and the anti-Marxist and anti-Communist perspectives of the third-generational sociologists who would come to define post-Second World War American sociology would assure Du Bois’ political burial in American sociology and in American intellectual thought in general until a new Black pride generation emerged in the 1960s. But even then, post-1960s sociologists have yet to come to terms with Du Bois’ post-1920s Marxist and otherwise left-of-center perspectives on the experiences of citizenship injustice among people of color and other dehumanized peoples around the world, which read so much like contemporary post-modern and restorative justice theories and parallel C. Wright Mills’ The Power Elite, published in the 1950s.
Aptheker H. (ed.) (1985) Writings by W.E.B Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others: Selections from Horizon . White Plains, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization.
2.
Broderick FL ( 1974) W.E.B. Dubois: History of an intellectual. In: Blackwell JE, Janowitz M (eds) Black Sociologists: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 3-24.
3.
Cruse H. ( 1969) The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual. London: W.H. Allen.
4.
Du Bois WEB ( 1903a) The laboratory in sociology at Atlanta University . In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 1. New York : Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982 : 158-160. (Originally published in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (Philadelphia), 21(May 1903): 160-163.)
5.
Du Bois WEB ( 1903b) The training of Negroes of social power. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 1. New York : Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 179-185. (Originally published in Outlook 75(October 17, 1903): 409-414.)
6.
Du Bois WEB ( 1904a) The development of a people. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 1. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 203-215. (Originally published in International Journal of Ethic (Philadelphia), 14(April 1904 ): 292-311.)
7.
Du Bois WEB ( 1904b) The future of the Negro race in America. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 1. New York : Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 186-195. (Originally published in The East and West (London), 2(January 1904 ): 4-19.)
8.
Du Bois WEB ( 1904c) What intellectual training is doing for the Negro . In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 1. New York : Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982 : 224-228. (Originally published in Missionary Review of the World (New York ), 17(August 1904): 578-582.)
9.
Du Bois WEB ( 1906). The economic future of the Negro. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 1. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 346-357. (Originally published in Publications of the American Economic Association Series 3, 7( New York, 1906): 219-242.)
10.
Du Bois WEB ( 1907) The value of agitation. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 1. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 363-365. (Originally published in Voice of the Negro 4(March 1907): 109-110.)
11.
Du Bois WEB ( 1908) Race friction between Black and White. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 1. New York : Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 386-390. (Originally published in American Journal of Sociology (Chicago ) 13(May 1980): 834-838.)
12.
Du Bois WEB ( 1909) Georgia Negroes and their fifty millions of savings . In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 1. New York : Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982 : 391-398. (Originally published in World’s Work (New York) 18(May 1909): 11550-11554.)
13.
Du Bois WEB ( 1910a) The economic aspects of racial prejudice. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 2. New York : Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 1-5. (Originally published in The Editorial Review (New York) 2(May 1910 ): 488-493.)
14.
Du Bois WEB ( 1910b) A symposium on Garvey. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 2. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 153-157. (Originally published in Messenger (New York) 4(December 1922): 551.)
15.
Du Bois WEB ( 1910c) The College-Bred Negro American. Atlanta: Atlanta University Press.
16.
Du Bois WEB ( 1913) Socialism and the Negro problem. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 2. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 85-87. (Originally published in New Review (New York) (February 1 1913): 138-141.)
17.
Du Bois WEB ( 1927a) Judging Russia. In: Aptheker H. (ed.)Writings in Periodicals Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois, Selections from The Crisis 2. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1983: 458-460. (Originally published in The Crisis 33(February 1927): 189-190.)
18.
Du Bois WEB ( 1927b) Magnificent India. In: Aptheker H (ed.)Writings in Periodicals Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois, Selections from The Crisis 2. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1983: 609. (Originally published in The Crisis 38(January 1931): 29.)
19.
Du Bois WEB ( 1927c) The Pan-African Congress, the story of a growing movement . In: Aptheker H (ed.), Writings in Periodicals Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois, Selections from The Crisis 2. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1983: 480-484. (Originally published in The Crisis 34(October 1927): 263-264.)
20.
Du Bois WEB ( 1933a) Karl Marx and the Negro. In: Aptheker H (ed.)Writings in Periodicals Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois, Selections from The Crisis 2. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization , 1983: 686-689. (Originally published in The Crisis 40(March 1933): 55-56.)
21.
Du Bois WEB ( 1933b) Listen, Japan and China. In: Aptheker H (ed.)Writings in Periodicals Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois, Selections from The Crisis 2. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization , 1983: 682. (Originally published in The Crisis 40(January 1933): 20.)
22.
Du Bois WEB ( 1933c) Marxism and the Negro problem. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings in Periodicals Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois, Selections from The Crisis 2. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization , 1983: 695-699. (Originally published in The Crisis 40(May 1933): 103-104, 118.)
23.
Du Bois WEB ( 1934a) Pan-Africa and new racial philosophy. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings in Periodicals Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois, Selections from The Crisis 2. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization , 1983: 721-723. (Originally published in The Crisis 40(November 1933): 247, 262.)
24.
Du Bois WEB ( 1934b) Peace. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings in Periodicals Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois, Selections from The Crisis 2. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1983: 726. (Originally published in The Crisis 41 (January 1933): 292-293.)
25.
Du Bois WEB ( 1934c) Segregation. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings in Periodicals Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois, Selections from The Crisis 2. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization , 1983: 727- 728. (Originally published in The Crisis 41(January 1934): 20.)
26.
Du Bois WEB ( 1934d) The strategy of the Negro vote. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings in Periodicals Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois, Selections from The Crisis 2. New York: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1983: 706. (Originally published in The Crisis 40(June 1933): 140-142.)
27.
Dubois WEB ( 1935a) Does the Negro need separate schools? In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 3. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 7-14. (Originally published in Journal of Negro Education (Washington) 4(July 1935): 328-335.)
28.
Dubois WEB ( 1935b) A Negro nation within the nation. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 3. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 1-6. (Originally published in Current History (New York) 42(June 1935): 265-270.)
29.
Dubois WEB ( 1936) The clash of color: Indians and the American Negro . In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 3. Milwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 41-44. (Originally Published in Aryan Path (Bombay , India) 7(March 1936): 111-115.)
30.
Dubois WEB ( 1939) My impressions of Woodrow Wilson. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 3. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 64-68. (Originally published in Journal of Negro History 57(October 1973): 452-459.)
31.
Du Bois WEB ( 1940). The significance of Henry Hunt. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 3. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 114-123. (Originally published in The Fort Valley State College Bulletin (Fort Valley, GA) 1(2)(October 1940): 5-16.)
32.
Du Bois WEB ( 1943) The realities of Africa: European profit or Negro development? In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 3. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 170-178. (Originally published in Foreign Affairs 21(July 1943): 721-732.)
33.
Du Bois WEB ( 1944a) How should Negros vote? Be intelligently selfish at polls . In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 3. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization , 1982: 211-214. (Originally published in Chicago Defender, September 30, 1944. p. 3.)
34.
Du Bois WEB ( 1944b) Imperialism, United Nations, colonial people. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 3. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 225-228. (Originally published in New Leader (New York) 27(December 30, 1944): 5.)
35.
Du Bois WEB ( 1945a) 750,000,000 clamoring for human rights. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B, Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 2-3. (Originally published in New York Post, May 9, 1945 , p. 8).
36.
Du Bois WEB ( 1945b). Is it democracy for Whites to rule dark majorities? In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1982: 4-5. (Originally published in New York Post, May 15, 1945, p. 8.)
37.
Du Bois WEB ( 1948a) From McKinley to Wallace: My fifty years as an independent . In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization , 59-65. (Originally published in Masses & Mainstream (New York) 1(August 1948): 3-14.)
38.
Du Bois W.E.B. ( 1948b) The greatest man in the world. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 53-55. (Originally published in Unity ( Chicago) 134(May-June 1948): 25-26.)
39.
Du Bois WEB ( 1948c) Only unity can lead workers to victory. In: Aptheker H (ed.)Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 44-45. (Originally published in FE News, ( New York) 5(January 1948): 9.)
40.
Du Bois WEB ( 1948d) Race relations in the United States: 1917-1947 . In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 66-76. (Originally published in Phylon (Atlanta, GA) 9(3rd Quarter, 1948): 234-247.)
41.
Du Bois WEB ( 1948e) The talented tenth: Memorial address. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited, 78-88. (Originally published in Boulé Journal 15(October 1948): 3-13.)
42.
Du Bois WEB ( 1949) Peace: Freedom’s road for oppressed peoples . In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 114-116. (Originally published in Worker, April 17, 1949, magazine section, p. 7.)
43.
Du Bois WEB ( 1950a) Normal US-China relations. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 221-223. (Originally published in New World Review, August 1954: 13-15.)
44.
Du Bois WEB ( 1950b) Paul Robeson: Right or wrong? Right. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 136-140. (Originally published in Negro Digest 7(March 1950): 8, 10-14.)
45.
Du Bois WEB ( 1952) America and world peace. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 180-183. (Originally published in New World Review, November 1952: 49-52.)
46.
Du Bois WEB ( 1953a) The American Negro in my time. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 189-195. (Originally published in United Asia ( Bombay, India) 5(March 1953): 155-159.)
47.
Du Bois WEB ( 1953b) Insist on peace, now, forever. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 202. (Originally published in Peace Reporter, September-October 1953: 1-2.)
48.
Du Bois WEB ( 1953c) Negroes and the crisis of capitalism in the United States . In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization , 160-162. (Originally published in Monthly Review (New York ) 4(April 1953): 478-485.)
49.
Du Bois WEB ( 1954) A decent world for all. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 211-213. (Originally published in March of Labor (New York) 6(March 1954): 20-23.)
50.
Du Bois WEB ( 1955a) Pan-Africanism: A mission in my life. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 227-233. (Originally published in United Asia ( Bombay) March 1955: 23-28.)
51.
Du Bois WEB ( 1955b) The world peace movement. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 238- 243. (Originally published in New World Review May 1955: 14.)
52.
Du Bois WEB ( 1956a) Africa and the American Negro intelligentsia. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 247-253. (Originally published in Présence Africaine (Paris) December 1955-January 1956: 34-51.)
53.
Du Bois WEB ( 1956b) I won’t vote. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 271-273. (Originally published in Nation183 (October 1956): 324-325.)
54.
Du Bois WEB ( 1956c) Negro voters face 1956. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 258-261. (Originally published in American Socialist3 (February 1956): 10-11.)
55.
Du Bois WEB ( 1959) China and Africa. In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 292-295. (Originally published in Peking Review2(March 3, 1959): 11-13.)
56.
Du Bois WEB ( 1960) A Negro student of Harvard at the end of the 19th century . In: Aptheker H (ed.) Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois in Periodicals Edited by Others 4. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization , 320-332. (Originally published in Massachusetts Review ( Amherst) 1(Spring 1960): 439-458.)
57.
Du Bois WEB ( 1969a) The Philadelphia Negro. New York: Schocken. (Originally published in 1899.)
58.
Du Bois WEB ( 1969b) Atlanta University Publications. New York: Arnold Press.
59.
Du Bois WEB ( 1998). Black Reconstruction in America. New York: Free Press. (Originally published in 1935.)
60.
Du Bois WEB ( 2005) The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Simon & Schuster. (Originally published in 1903.)
61.
Feagin JR ( 2001) Social justice and sociology agendas for the twenty-first century. American Sociological Review66: 1-20.
62.
Frazier EF ( 1997) Black Bourgeoisie: The Book That Brought the Shock of Self-Revelation to Middle-Class Blacks in America. New York: Free Press.
63.
Horne G. ( 1986) Black and Red: William E.B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963. Albany: SUNY Press.
64.
Lewis DL ( 1994) W.E.B. Du Bois: Vol. 1. Biography of a Race, 1868-1919. New York: Holt.
65.
Lewis DL ( 2001) W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century 1919-1963. New York: Holt .
66.
Locke A (ed.) (1925) The New Negro. New York: Touch Stone .
67.
Mills CW ( 1956) The Power Elite. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
68.
Morris AD ( 2006) American sociology of race and the ignoring of W.E.B. Du Bois: The price of the path not taken. In: Calhoun C (ed.) Sociology in America: The ASA Centennial History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 503-571.
69.
Rudwick E. ( 1974) W.E.B. Du Bois as sociologist. In: Blackwell JE, Janowitz M (eds) Black Sociologists: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 25-55.
70.
Woodson CG ( 1990) The Miseducation of the Negro. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
71.
Wortham RA (ed.) (2009) W.E.B. Du Bois and the Sociological Imagination. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
