A novel method combining an optimal energy management strategy (EMS) based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) with an empirical internal combustion engine (ICE) model, ILDB (Investigation of Local Dynamic Behaviour), is described. This combined tool accurately accounts for the transient behaviour of the ICE and is capable of fast evaluation of optimal energy management strategy, including turbocharged ICEs. ILDB is based on interpolations of unsteady ICE quantities in dynamic ICE maps. These dynamic ICE maps contain values of partial derivatives that describe the local dynamic behaviour during a transient. The benefits of this combined method are clearly displayed on the set of ‘synthetic’ engine dynamometer cycles and on the WHTC heavy-duty homologation dynamometer cycle. The HEV powertrain used for method testing is parallel P1 topology, combined with 5.9 L turbocharged diesel ICE and 5.5 kWh 400 V battery. The results demonstrate the significant improvement in the accuracy of ICE transient modelling – comparing the combined PMP with the ILDB method to PMP with ICE steady-state maps only. All models have been programmed in-house, using Python 3.9.0.
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