A transient and spatially confined phenomenological combustion model for direct-injection,compression-ignition engines in fuel-rich applications: N-Stage Lagrangian (NSL)
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online May, 2023
A transient and spatially confined phenomenological combustion model for direct-injection,compression-ignition engines in fuel-rich applications: N-Stage Lagrangian (NSL)
Previous efforts aimed at increasing the efficiencies of systems where a piston engine serves as a primary work producer have led to interest in operating direct-injection, compression-ignition (DI/CI) engines at overall stoichiometric or fuel-rich equivalence ratios. In order to extend the current understanding of DI/CI combustion to applications in this regime, a phenomenological model is proposed. The model builds on previous conceptual and phenomenological models that describe steady, reacting free jets and applies the underlying concepts to a spatially confined, transient system. The model is assessed in its ability to describe and interpret experimental data through comparisons to experimental data collected in this regime, with a particular focus on its ability to address the observed trends in exhaust gas species concentrations. Through this comparison to experimental data, potential insights provided by the model are discussed.
RobertsGJohnsonBEdwardsC. Prospects for high-temperature combustion, neat alcohol-fueled diesel engines. SAE Int J Engines2014; 7(1): 448–457.
2.
FyffeJRDonohueMARegalbutoMCEdwardsCF. Mixed combustion–electrochemical energy conversion for high-efficiency, transportation-scale engines. Int J Engine Res2017; 18(7): 701–716.
3.
DecJE. A conceptual model of di diesel combustion based on laser-sheet imaging. SAE Technical Paper Series9708731997.
4.
PopeSB. Turbulent Flows. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
5.
ReitzRDDiwakarR. Structure of high-pressure fuel sprays. SAE technical paper 961925, 1987.
6.
ReitzRD. Computer modeling of sprays. Spray Technology Short Course, Pittsburgh, PA1996.
7.
PattersonMAReitzR. Modeling the effects of fuel spray characteristics on diesel engine combustion and emission. SAE technical paper 970799, 1998.
8.
SenecalPKPomraningERichardsKJ, et al. Multi-dimensional modeling of direct-injection diesel spray liquid length and flame lift-off length using cfd and parallel detailed chemistry. SAE technical paper 2003-01-1043, 2003.
9.
SibenduSSécalPPomraningE. Comparison of RANS en′ and LES turbulence models against constant volume diesel experiments. In: ILASS Americas, 24th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2012.
10.
YeohGHTuJ. Computational techniques for multiphase flows. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2019.
11.
ArchambaultMR. A maximum entropy moment closure approach to modeling the evolution of spray flows. PhD Thesis, Stanford University, 1999.
12.
UnverdiSOTryggvasonG. A front-tracking method for viscous, incompressible, multi-fluid flows. J Comput Phys1992; 100(1): 25–37.
13.
HirtCWNicholsBD. Volume of fluid (vof) method for the dynamics of free boundaries. J Comput Phys1981; 39(1): 201–225.
14.
GrosshansHSzászRFuchsL. Development of an efficient statistical volumes of fluid–lagrangian particle tracking coupling method. Int J Numer Methods Fluids2014; 74: 898–918.
15.
XueQBattistoniMSomS, et al. Eulerian cfd modeling of coupled nozzle flow and spray with validation against x-ray radiography data. SAE Int J Engines2014; 7(2): 1061–1072.
16.
SussmanMSmerekaPOsherS. A level set approach for computing solutions to incompressible two-phase flow. J Comput Phys1994; 114: 146–159.
17.
Moreno CabezasKLiuXImHG. Characteristics of methanol and iso-octane under flashing and non-flashing conditions in ecn-g spray. WCX SAE World Congress Experience2022; 1–12. DOI: 10.4271/2022-01-0496
18.
HiroyasuHKadotaT. Models for combustion and formation of nitric oxide and soot in direct injection diesel engines. SAE Trans1976; 85(1): 513–526.
19.
HiroyasuHKadotaTAraiM. Development and use of a spray combustion modeling to predict diesel engine efficiency and pollutant emissions : Part 1 combustion modeling. Bull JSME1983; 26(214): 569–575.
20.
HiroyasuHKadotaTAraiM. Development and use of a spray combustion modeling to predict diesel engine efficiency and pollutant emissions : Part 2 computational procedure and parametric study. Bull JSME1983; 26(214): 576–583.
21.
ShahedSMChiuWSYumluVS. A preliminary model for the formation of nitric oxide in direct injection diesel engines and its application in parametric studies. Technical report, SAE Technical Paper 730083, 1973.
22.
ChiuWSShahedSMLynWT. A transient spray mixing model for diesel combustion. SAE Transactions1976; 85(1): 502–512.
23.
LutzAEBroadwellJE. TSL: Two-Stage Lagrangian Model for Mixing and Reactions in a Turbulent Jet. Gas Research Institute final report, GRI-97/0367, 1997.
24.
BroadwellJELutzAE. A turbulent jet chemical reaction model: NOx production in jet flames. Combust Flame1998; 114(3-4): 319–335.
25.
RicouFPSpaldingDB. Measurements of entrainment by axisymmetrical turbulent jets. J Fluid Mech1961; 11(1): 21–32.
26.
PickettLMCatonJAMusculusMPBLutzAE. Evaluation of the equivalence ratio-temperature region of diesel soot precursor formation using a two-stage lagrangian model. Int J Engine Res2006; 7(5): 349–370.
27.
IdicheriaCAPickettLM. Formaldehyde visualization near lift-off location in a diesel jet. SAE technical paper 2006-01-3434, 2006.
28.
IdicheriaCAPickettLM. Soot formation in diesel combustion under high-EGR conditions. SAE technical paper 2005-01-3834, 2005.
29.
GoodwinDGMoffatHKSpethRL. Cantera: An object-oriented software toolkit for chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, and transport processes, https://www.cantera.org (2022, accessed 1 January 2021). DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6387882
LemmonEWHuberMLMcLindenMO. Reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties database (REFPROP). National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2013.
