Most vehicle tailpipe emissions are related to the cold-start condition. In the present study, a novel methodology is introduced to trap the cold-start emissions. A numerical model is used to investigate the method implementation on the vehicle’s cold-start emissions. Model is validated with the experimental data. Three different driving cycles are simulated to understand the effects of the employed method. The results show that the light-off temperature is independent of the driving cycle, while the light-off time is highly dependent on the driving behavior. The presented concept is more effective for traffic conditions and the low required powers of the vehicle. The most emission reduction is related to the emissions with moderate increment after catalyst light off. Therefore, the most considerable reduction is related to the NOx emission in all driving conditions, while method implementation is not beneficial for CO reduction compared to NOx. The emission reduction varies from 20% (WLTC) to 35% (NEDC) for CO emission, from 25% (WLTC) to 34% (NEDC and FTP75) for HC emission and 41% (FTP75) to 51% (NEDC) for NOX emission. This idea would help gasoline-powered vehicles to pass more strict emissions such as Euro7 in the coming future.
BurkeNRTrimmDLHoweRF. The effect of silica:alumina ratio and hydrothermal ageing on the adsorption characteristics of BEA zeolites for cold start emission control. Appl Catal B Environ2003; 46: 97–104.
2.
SarsharZZahedi-NiakiMHHuangQEićMKaliaguineS. MTW zeolites for reducing cold-start emissions of automotive exhaust. Appl Catal B Environ2009; 87: 37–45.
3.
OpitzBDrochnerAVogelHVotsmeierM. An experimental and simulation study on the cold start behaviour of particulate filters with wall integrated three way catalyst. Appl Catal B Environ2014; 144: 203–215.
4.
HanDDengYHanW, et al. Effects analysis on hydrocarbon reduction efficiency of a beta zeolite catcher in gasoline engine during cold start. Fuel2021; 306: 121614.
5.
FengCDengYChenL, et al. Hydrocarbon emission control of a hydrocarbon adsorber and converter under cold start of the gasoline engine. Energy2022; 239: 122138.
6.
JangEChoiLKimJ, et al. A copper-impregnated BEA zeolite for adsorption and oxidation of aromatic species during vehicle cold starts. Appl Catal B Environ2021; 287: 119951.
7.
DengYFengCEJ, et al. Performance enhancement of the gasoline engine hydrocarbon catchers for reducing hydrocarbon emission during the cold-start period. Energy2019; 183: 869–879.
8.
RamanathanKWestDHBalakotaiahV. Optimal design of catalytic converters for minimizing cold-start emissions. Catal Today2004; 98(3): 357–373.
9.
LeeJTheisJRKyriakidouEA. Vehicle emissions trapping materials: successes, challenges, and the path forward. Appl Catal B Environ2019; 243: 397–414.
10.
Barbera-ItalianoKJeudyELecompteM, et al. Trap efficiency of exhaust gas pollutants in microporous sorbents under representative driving conditions. Appl Catal B Environ2022; 304: 120962.
11.
GumusM. Reducing cold-start emission from internal combustion engines by means of thermal energy storage system. Appl Therm Eng2009; 29: 652–660.
12.
HamediMRDoustdarOTsolakisAHartlandJ. Thermal energy storage system for efficient diesel exhaust aftertreatment at low temperatures. Appl Energy2019; 235: 874–887.
13.
CoppageGNBellSR. Use of an electrically heated catalyst to reduce cold-start emissions in a bi-fuel spark ignited engine. J Eng Gas Turbine Power2001; 123(1): 125–131.
14.
RamanathanKOhSHBissettEJ. Electrically heated catalysts for hybrid applications: mathematical modeling and analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res2011; 50: 8444–8467.
15.
GaoJTianGSorniottiA. On the emission reduction through the application of an electrically heated catalyst to a diesel vehicle. Energy Sci Eng2019; 7: 2383–2397.
16.
ZhenmingYJinsongZXiaomingCQiangLZhijunXZhiminZ. Microwave enhanced exhaust conversion of internal combustion engines. Appl Catal B Environ2001; 34: 129–135.
17.
YangJRothPRuehlCR, et al. Physical, chemical, and toxicological characteristics of particulate emissions from current technology gasoline direct injection vehicles. Sci Total Environ2019; 650: 1182–1194.
18.
ShenKChangLChenHZhangZWangBWangY. Experimental study on the effects of exhaust heat recovery system (EHRS) on vehicle fuel economy and emissions under cold start new European driving cycle (NEDC). Energy Convers Manag2019; 197: 111893.
19.
DardiotisCMartiniGMarottaAManfrediU. Low-temperature cold-start gaseous emissions of late technology passenger cars. Appl Energy2013; 111: 468–478.
20.
LafyatisDSAnsellGPBennettSC, et al. Ambient temperature light-off for automobile emission control. Appl Catal B Environ1998; 18: 123–135.
21.
RodriguezJFChengWK. Reduction of cold-start emissions through valve timing in a GDI engine. SAE Int J Engines2016; 9: 1220–1229.
22.
SalehiRMiddletonRJ. Exhaust valve phasing controllers for cold start NOx emissions reduction in heavy duty diesel engines. Int J Engine Res2022; 23: 512–526.
23.
AlanCGStevenWGopichandraS. Method and system for engine cold-start. Dearborn, MI: Ford Global Technologies, Llc, 2020.
24.
MozaffariAAzadNLHedrickJK. A nonlinear model predictive controller with multiagent online optimizer for automotive cold-start hydrocarbon emission reduction. IEEE Trans Vehicular Technol2016; 65: 4548–4563.
25.
GongCHuangKDengBLiuX. Catalyst light-off behavior of a spark-ignition LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) engine during cold start. Energy2011; 36: 53–59.
26.
DingCRobertsLFainDJ, et al. Fuel efficient exhaust thermal management for compression ignition engines during idle via cylinder deactivation and flexible valve actuation. Int J Engine Res2016; 17: 619–630.
27.
ZhuLHeZYXuZGaoZLiAHuangZ. Improving cold start, combustion and emission characteristics of a lean burn spark ignition natural gas engine with multi-point hydrogen injection. Appl Therm Eng2017; 121: 83–89.
28.
HerrerosJMGillSSLefortITsolakisAMillingtonPMossE. Enhancing the low temperature oxidation performance over a Pt and a Pt–Pd diesel oxidation catalyst. Appl Catal B Environ2014; 147: 835–841.
29.
ShiCJiCWangSYangJMaZMengH. Potential improvement in combustion behavior of a downsized rotary engine by intake oxygen enrichment. Energy Convers Manag2020; 205: 112433.
30.
LeeDHeywoodJB. Effects of secondary air injection during cold start of SI engines. SAE Int J Engines2010; 3(2): 182–196.
31.
ChenR-HChiangL-BChenC-NLinT-H. Cold-start emissions of an SI engine using ethanol–gasoline blended fuel. Appl Therm Eng2011; 31: 1463–1467.
32.
RamadhasASXuHLiuDTianJ. Reducing cold start emissions from automotive diesel engine at cold ambient temperatures. Aerosol Air Qual Res2017; 16: 3330–3337.
33.
SalesLCMSodréJR. Cold start emissions of an ethanol-fuelled engine with heated intake air and fuel. Fuel2012; 95: 122–125.
34.
NabiMNRasulMGBrownRJ. Notable reductions in blow-by and particle emissions during cold and hot start operations from a turbocharged diesel engine using oxygenated fuels. Fuel Process Technol2020; 203. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106394.
35.
CordinerSMuloneVNobileMRoccoV. Impact of biodiesel fuel on engine emissions and aftertreatment system operation. Appl Energy2016; 164: 972–983.
36.
PuškárMŽivčákJKočišováMŠoltésováMKopasM. Impact of bio-renewable energy sources on reduction of emission footprint from vehicles. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin2021; 15: 1385–1394.
37.
AshfordMMatthewsR. Further development of an on-board distillation system for generating a highly volatile cold-start fuel. SAE technical paper, 2005.
38.
ShiZLiuFShangWLiYSunCZhuM. Numerical study on the influence of injection pressure on the ignition and combustion of n-dodecane spray at cold-start conditions. Fuel2020; 264: 116882.
39.
EnriqueR. Methods and systems for recycling engine feedgas cold-start emissions. Dearborn, MI: Ford Global Technologies, Llc, 2016.
40.
JangJLeeJChoiYParkS. Reduction of particle emissions from gasoline vehicles with direct fuel injection systems using a gasoline particulate filter. Sci Total Environ2018; 644: 1418–1428.
41.
GiechaskielBSuarez-BertoaRLahdeT, et al. Emissions of a Euro 6b diesel passenger car retrofitted with a solid ammonia reduction system. Atmos2019; 10: 180.
42.
RamanathanKSharmaCS. Kinetic parameters estimation for three way catalyst modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res2011; 50: 9960–9979.
43.
HolderRBolligMAndersonDRHochmuthJK. A discussion on transport phenomena and three-way kinetics of monolithic converters. Chem Eng Sci2006; 61: 8010–8027.
44.
RaoSKImamRRamanathanKPushpavanamS. Sensitivity analysis and kinetic parameter estimation in a three way catalytic converter. Ind Eng Chem Res2009; 48: 3779–3790.
45.
SantosHCostaM. Evaluation of the conversion efficiency of ceramic and metallic three way catalytic converters. Energy Convers Manag2008; 49(2): 291–300.
46.
KwonHJHyun BaikJTak KwonYNamI-SOhSH. Detailed reaction kinetics over commercial three-way catalysts. Chem Eng Sci2007; 62: 5042–5047.
47.
HeywoodJB. Internal combustion engine fundamentals. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.
