The process of engine warming-up leads to additional fuel consumption. Energy management strategy considering engine warming-up is expected to further improve the energy economy of hybrid electric vehicles. This study provides a simple yet practical model for engine thermal dynamics. Then, the optimization problem of energy management considering engine warming-up is formulated on the basis of the control-oriented engine thermal dynamics. Thereafter, the optimal solution is derived by using the dynamic programming algorithm. Finally, the proposed engine thermal dynamics and energy management strategy are evaluated through simulation and experiments. Results show that the established engine thermal model effectively captures the main thermal behavior, simulation results reveal a high degree of approximation to experimental results for the engine temperature and fuel consumption, and the energy management strategy with engine temperature can further improve the energy efficiency.
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