PODE3 reaction mechanism developments are still in the early stages with very limited research. In particular, reaction mechanisms to characterize PODE3 combustion are neither sufficiently compact nor robust for 3D numerical simulations. Hence, the current work seeks to develop a compact yet reliable PODE3 reaction mechanism, embedded with appropriate chemistry to describe polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon reactions. A decoupling methodology has been employed to achieve the desired outcome. The final mechanism comprises only 120 species and 560 reactions even after including components of diesel and gasoline surrogates. It has been validated with ignition delay times, laminar flame speeds, jet-stirred reactor species concentration profiles, flame species concentration profiles, extinction strain rates, heat release rates in constant volume combustion chamber, homogeneous charge compression ignition engine combustion, and direct injection compression ignition engine combustion. In a numerical investigation conducted using gasoline/diesel/PODE3 blends, soot emissions are observed to decrease with PODE3 increment, which establishes PODE3 as a promising additive. Intriguingly, the current study has also discovered that with 15% PODE3 addition, soot and its precursors will increase in concentration during combustion, though this effect will be outweighed by oxidative effects towards the end. Overall, the new mechanism has been proven suitable and feasible for engine simulations.
LiuHWangZWangJHeX. Improvement of emission characteristics and thermal efficiency in diesel engines by fueling gasoline/diesel/PODEn blends. Energy2016; 97: 105–112.
2.
JohnsonT. Vehicular emissions in review. SAE Int J Engines2016; 9(2): 1258–1275.
3.
LeachFDavyMPeckhamM. Cyclic NO2: NOx ratio from a diesel engine undergoing transient load steps. Int J Engine Res2021; 22(1): 284–294.
4.
FanLWenLBaiYLanQLuZ. Influential factors on pressure characteristics of fuel system for a low-speed marine diesel engine. Int J Engine Res. Epub ahead of 21 May 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1468087420917284.
5.
KodjakD. Policies to reduce fuel consumption, air pollution, and carbon emissions from vehicles in G20 nations. The International Council on Clean Transportation, 2015.
6.
JohnsonTV. Vehicular emissions in review. SAE Int J Engines2012; 5(2): 216–234.
7.
FinoDBensaidSPiumettiMRussoN. A review on the catalytic combustion of soot in diesel particulate filters for automotive applications: from powder catalysts to structured reactors. Appl Catal A Gen2016; 509: 75–96.
8.
ZöllnerCHaralampousOBrüggemannD. Effect of engine operating conditions on soot layer permeability and density in diesel particulate filters. Int J Engine Res2021; 22(1): 50–63.
9.
LelieveldJEvansJSFnaisMGiannadakiDPozzerA. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature2015; 525(7569): 367.
10.
BeelenRHoekGRaaschou-NielsenOStafoggiaMAndersenZJWeinmayrG, et al. Natural-cause mortality and long-term exposure to particle components: an analysis of 19 European cohorts within the multi-center ESCAPE project. Environ Health Perspect2015; 123(6): 525–533.
11.
KhalifeETabatabaeiMDemirbasAAghbashloM. Impacts of additives on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines during steady state operation. Progr Energy Combust Sci2017; 59: 32–78.
12.
KrishnasamyAGuptaSKReitzRD. Prospective fuels for diesel low temperature combustion engine applications: a critical review. Int J Engine Res. Epub ahead of print 30 September 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1468087420960857.
13.
GuanWWangXZhaoHLiuH. Exploring the high load potential of diesel–methanol dual-fuel operation with Miller cycle, exhaust gas recirculation, and intake air cooling on a heavy-duty diesel engine. Int J Engine Res. Epub ahead of print 10 June 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1468087420926775.
14.
SinghAPSharmaNKumarVAgarwalAK. Experimental investigations of mineral diesel/methanol-fueled reactivity controlled compression ignition engine operated at variable engine loads and premixed ratios. Int J Engine Res. Epub ahead of print 6 June 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1468087420923451.
15.
KaarioOTVuorinenVKahilaHImHGLarmiM. The effect of fuel on high velocity evaporating fuel sprays: large-Eddy simulation of spray A with various fuels. Int J Engine Res2020; 21(1): 26–42.
16.
BurgerJSiegertMStröferEHasseH. Poly (oxymethylene) dimethyl ethers as components of tailored diesel fuel: properties, synthesis and purification concepts. Fuel2010; 89(11): 3315–3319.
17.
ZubelMOttenwälderTHeuserBPischingerS. Combustion system optimization for dimethyl ether using a genetic algorithm. Int J Engine Res2021; 22(1): 22–38.
18.
FuX-QHeB-QXuS-PChenTZhaoHZhangY, et al. Multi-point micro-flame ignited hybrid lean-burn combustion of gasoline with direct injection dimethyl ether. Int J Engine Res2021; 22(1): 140–151.
19.
LiuHWangZWangJHeXZhengYTangQ, et al. Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE3-4)/diesel blends. Energy2015; 88: 793–800.
20.
LiuJWangHLiYZhengZXueZShangH, et al. Effects of diesel/PODE (polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers) blends on combustion and emission characteristics in a heavy duty diesel engine. Fuel2016; 177: 206–216.
21.
SchmitzNBurgerJStröferEHasseH. From methanol to the oxygenated diesel fuel poly (oxymethylene) dimethyl ether: an assessment of the production costs. Fuel2016; 185: 67–72.
22.
RodionovaMVPoudyalRSTiwariIVoloshinRAZharmukhamedovSKNamHG, et al. Biofuel production: challenges and opportunities. Int J Hydrogen Energy2017; 42(12): 8450–8461.
23.
SindhuRBinodPPandeyAAnkaramSDuanYAwasthiMK. Biofuel production from biomass: toward sustainable development. In: Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2019, pp.79–92.
24.
ZhengYTangQWangTLiaoYWangJ. Synthesis of a green fuel additive over cation resins. Chem Eng Technol2013; 36(11): 1951–1956.
25.
LinQTayKLZhouDYangW. Development of a compact and robust polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether 3 reaction mechanism for internal combustion engines. Energy Convers Manage2019; 185: 35–43.
26.
PellegriniLMarchionnaMPatriniRFlorioS. Emission performance of neat and blended polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers in an old light-duty diesel car. SAE Technical Paper; 2013.
27.
PellegriniLPatriniRMarchionnaM. Effect of POMDME blend on PAH emissions and particulate size distribution from an in-use light-duty diesel engine. SAE Technical Paper; 2014.
HuangHLiuQTengWPanMLiuCWangQ. Improvement of combustion performance and emissions in diesel engines by fueling n-butanol/diesel/PODE3–4 mixtures. Appl Energy2018; 227: 38–48.
30.
HuangHTengWLiZLiuQWangQPanM. Improvement of emission characteristics and maximum pressure rise rate of diesel engines fueled with n-butanol/PODE 3-4/diesel blends at high injection pressure. Energy Convers Manage2017; 152: 45–56.
31.
HuangHLiZTengWHuangRLiuQWangY. Effects of EGR rates on combustion and emission characteristics in a diesel engine with n-butanol/PODE3-4/diesel blends. Appl Therm Eng2019; 146: 212–22.
32.
LinQTayKLYuWYangWWangZ. Effects of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether 3 (PODE3) addition and injection pressure on combustion performance and particle size distributions in a diesel engine. Fuel2021; 283: 119347.
33.
ChenHHuangRHuangHPanMTengW. Potential improvement in particulate matter’s emissions reduction from diesel engine by addition of PODE and injection parameters. Appl Therm Eng2019; 150: 591–604.
FanYDuanYHanDQiaoXHuangZ. Influences of isomeric butanol addition on anti-knock tendency of primary reference fuel and toluene primary reference fuel gasoline surrogates. Int J Engine Res2021; 22(1): 39–49.
36.
MenYHaskaraIZhuG. Multi-zone reaction-based modeling of combustion for multiple-injection diesel engines. Int J Engine Res2020; 21(6): 1012–1025.
37.
DaiXSinghSKrishnanSRSrinivasanKK. Numerical study of combustion characteristics and emissions of a diesel–methane dual-fuel engine for a wide range of injection timings. Int J Engine Res2020; 21(5): 781–793.
38.
HuangJMcTaggart-CowanGMunshiS. Large-eddy simulation of direct injection natural gas combustion in a heavy-duty truck engine using modified conditional moment closure model with low-dimensional manifold method. Int J Engine Res2020; 21(5): 824–837.
39.
KochJSchürchCWrightYMBoulouchosK. Reactive computational fluid dynamics modelling methane–hydrogen admixtures in internal combustion engines part II: large eddy simulation. Int J Engine Res. Epub ahead of print 13 April 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1468087420910348.
40.
CurranHJ. Developing detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms for fuel combustion. Proc Combust Inst2019; 37(1): 57–81.
41.
SunWWangGLiSZhangRYangBYangJ, et al. Speciation and the laminar burning velocities of poly (oxymethylene) dimethyl ether 3 (POMDME3) flames: an experimental and modeling study. Proc Combust Inst2017; 36(1): 1269–1278.
42.
HeTWangZYouXLiuHWangYLiX, et al. A chemical kinetic mechanism for the low-and intermediate-temperature combustion of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether 3 (PODE 3). Fuel2018; 212: 223–235.
43.
HeTLiuH-YWangYWangBLiuHWangZ. Development of surrogate model for oxygenated wide-distillation fuel with polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr2017; 10: 2336.
44.
RenSKokjohnSLWangZLiuHWangBWangJ. A multi-component wide distillation fuel (covering gasoline, jet fuel and diesel fuel) mechanism for combustion and PAH prediction. Fuel2017; 208: 447–468.
45.
RenSWangZLiBLiuHWangJ. Development of a reduced polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEn) mechanism for engine applications. Fuel2019; 238: 208–224.
46.
LuoJYaoMLiuHYangB. Experimental and numerical study on suitable diesel fuel surrogates in low temperature combustion conditions. Fuel2012; 97: 621–629.
47.
WangHYaoMYueZJiaMReitzRD. A reduced toluene reference fuel chemical kinetic mechanism for combustion and polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbon predictions. Combust Flame2015; 162(6): 2390–2404.
48.
LiuY-DJiaMXieM-ZPangB. Development of a new skeletal chemical kinetic model of toluene reference fuel with application to gasoline surrogate fuels for computational fluid dynamics engine simulation. Energy Fuels2013; 27(8): 4899–4909.
49.
LiuHCuiYChenBKyritsisDCTangQFengL, et al. Effects of flame temperature on PAHs and soot evolution in partially premixed and diffusion flames of a diesel surrogate. Energy Fuels2019; 33(11): 11821–11829.
50.
LiuYJiaMXieMPangB. Improvement on a skeletal chemical kinetic model of iso-octane for internal combustion engine by using a practical methodology. Fuel2013; 103: 884–891.
51.
LiuY-DJiaMXieM-ZPangB. Enhancement on a skeletal kinetic model for primary reference fuel oxidation by using a semidecoupling methodology. Energy Fuels2012; 26(12): 7069–7083.
52.
ChangYJiaMLiYLiuYXieMWangH, et al. Development of a skeletal mechanism for diesel surrogate fuel by using a decoupling methodology. Combust Flame2015; 162(10): 3785–3802.
53.
ChangYJiaMLiuYLiYXieM. Development of a new skeletal mechanism for n-decane oxidation under engine-relevant conditions based on a decoupling methodology. Combust Flame2013; 160(8): 1315–1332.
54.
TayKLYangWMohanBAnHZhouDYuW. Development of a robust and compact kerosene–diesel reaction mechanism for diesel engines. Energy Convers Manage2016; 108: 446–458.
55.
MohanBTayKLYangWChuaKJ. Development of a skeletal multi-component fuel reaction mechanism based on decoupling methodology. Energy Convers Manage2015; 105: 1223–1238.
56.
RajAPradaIDCAmerAAChungSH. A reaction mechanism for gasoline surrogate fuels for large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Combust Flame2012; 159(2): 500–515.
57.
MehlMPitzWJWestbrookCKCurranHJ. Kinetic modeling of gasoline surrogate components and mixtures under engine conditions. Proc Combust Inst2011; 33(1): 193–200.
58.
TreeDRSvenssonKI. Soot processes in compression ignition engines. Progr Energy Combust Sci2007; 33(3): 272–309.
59.
VishwanathanGReitzRD. Modeling soot formation using reduced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chemistry in n-heptane lifted flames with application to low temperature combustion. J Eng Gas Turbines Power2009; 131(3): 032801.
60.
AnY-ZLiXTengS-PWangKPeiY-QQinJ, et al. Development of a soot particle model with PAHs as precursors through simulations and experiments. Fuel2016; 179: 246–257.
61.
PitzWJMuellerCJ. Recent progress in the development of diesel surrogate fuels. Progr Energy Combust Sci2011; 37(3): 330–350.
62.
WangHYaoMReitzRD. Development of a reduced primary reference fuel mechanism for internal combustion engine combustion simulations. Energy Fuels2013; 27(12): 7843–7853.
63.
WangHReitzRDYaoMYangBJiaoQQiuL. Development of an n-heptane-n-butanol-PAH mechanism and its application for combustion and soot prediction. Combust Flame2013; 160(3): 504–519.
64.
MetcalfeWKBurkeSMAhmedSSCurranHJ. A hierarchical and comparative kinetic modeling study of C1− C2 hydrocarbon and oxygenated fuels. Int J Chem Kinet2013; 45(10): 638–675.
65.
KongS-CSunYRietzRD. Modeling diesel spray flame liftoff, sooting tendency, and NOx emissions using detailed chemistry with phenomenological soot model. J Eng Gas Turbines Power2007; 129(1): 245–251.
KangM-RSongH-YJinF-XJingC. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers. J Fuel Chem Technol2017; 45(7): 837–845.
68.
KerschgensBCaiLPitschHHeuserBPischingerS. Di-n-buthylether, n-octanol, and n-octane as fuel candidates for diesel engine combustion. Combust Flame2016; 163: 66–78.
69.
ParkWParkSReitzRDKurtzE. The effect of oxygenated fuel properties on diesel spray combustion and soot formation. Combust Flame2017; 180: 276–283.
70.
PaulCFernandezSFHaworthDCRoySModestMF. A detailed modeling study of radiative heat transfer in a heavy-duty diesel engine. Combust Flame2019; 200: 325–341.
71.
YuWZhaoFYangWTayKXuH. Development of an optimization methodology for formulating both jet fuel and diesel fuel surrogates and their associated skeletal oxidation mechanisms. Fuel2018; 231: 361–372.
72.
TaoFReitzRDFosterDELiuY. Nine-step phenomenological diesel soot model validated over a wide range of engine conditions. Int J Therm Sci2009; 48(6): 1223–1234.
73.
ZhaoFYangWZhouDYuWLiJTayKL. Numerical modelling of soot formation and oxidation using phenomenological soot modelling approach in a dual-fueled compression ignition engine. Fuel2017; 188: 382–389.
74.
RodriguezAFrottierOHerbinetOFournetRBounaceurRFittschenC, et al. Experimental and modeling investigation of the low-temperature oxidation of dimethyl ether. J Phys Chem A2015; 119(28): 7905–7923.
75.
TorresDJTrujilloMF. KIVA-4: an unstructured ALE code for compressible gas flow with sprays. J Comput Phys2006; 219(2): 943–975.
76.
AnHYangWMaghbouliALiJChouSChuaK. A numerical study on a hydrogen assisted diesel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy2013; 38(6): 2919–2928.
77.
KeeRJRupleyFMMillerJA. Chemkin-II: a Fortran chemical kinetics package for the analysis of gas-phase chemical kinetics. Livermore, CA: Sandia National Labs., 1989.
78.
LiuJShangHWangHZhengZWangQXueZ, et al. Investigation on partially premixed combustion fueled with gasoline and PODE blends in a multi-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine. Fuel2017; 193: 101–111.
79.
IannuzziSEBarroCBoulouchosKBurgerJ. POMDME-diesel blends: evaluation of performance and exhaust emissions in a single cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine. Fuel2017; 203: 57–67.
80.
SongKUpadhyayDXieH. An assessment of the impacts of low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation on the air path of a diesel engine equipped with electrically assisted turbochargers. Int J Eng Res2021; 22(1): 3–21.
81.
AnYJaasimMVallinayagamRVedharajSImHGJohanssonB. Numerical simulation of combustion and soot under partially premixed combustion of low-octane gasoline. Fuel2018; 211: 420–431.
82.
DworkinSBZhangQThomsonMJSlavinskayaNARiedelU. Application of an enhanced PAH growth model to soot formation in a laminar coflow ethylene/air diffusion flame. Combust Flame2011; 158(9): 1682–1695.
83.
TayKLYangWZhaoFYuWMohanB. A numerical study on the effects of boot injection rate-shapes on the combustion and emissions of a kerosene-diesel fueled direct injection compression ignition engine. Fuel2017; 203: 430–444.
84.
LiuHWangZLiBWangJHeX. Exploiting new combustion regime using multiple premixed compression ignition (MPCI) fueled with gasoline/diesel/PODE (GDP). Fuel2016; 186: 639–647.
85.
FrenklachMWangH. Detailed modeling of soot particle nucleation and growth. Symp Int Combust CiteSeer X1991; 15: 66.
FenimoreCPJonesGW. Oxidation of soot by hydroxyl radicals. J Phys Chem1967; 71(3): 593–597.
88.
KimCEl-LeathyAXuFFaethG. Soot surface growth and oxidation in laminar diffusion flames at pressures of 0.1–1.0 atm. Combust Flame2004; 136(1–2): 191–207.
89.
FiewegerKBlumenthalRAdomeitG. Self-ignition of SI engine model fuels: a shock tube investigation at high pressure. Combust Flame1997; 109(4): 599–619.
90.
ShenH-PSSteinbergJVanderoverJOehlschlaegerMA. A shock tube study of the ignition of n-heptane, n-decane, n-dodecane, and n-tetradecane at elevated pressures. Energy Fuels2009; 23(5): 2482–2489.
91.
HerzlerJJerigLRothP. Shock tube study of the ignition of lean n-heptane/air mixtures at intermediate temperatures and high pressures. Proc Combust Inst2005; 30(1): 1147–1153.
92.
HartmannMGushterovaIFikriMSchulzCSchießlRMaasU. Auto-ignition of toluene-doped n-heptane and iso-octane/air mixtures: high-pressure shock-tube experiments and kinetics modeling. Combust Flame2011; 158(1): 172–178.
93.
ShenH-PSVanderoverJOehlschlaegerMA. A shock tube study of the auto-ignition of toluene/air mixtures at high pressures. Proc Combust Inst2009; 32(1): 165–172.
94.
HerzlerJFikriMHitzbleckKStarkeRSchulzCRothP, et al. Shock-tube study of the autoignition of n-heptane/toluene/air mixtures at intermediate temperatures and high pressures. Combust Flame2007; 149(1–2): 25–31.
95.
KrismanAHawkesERTaleiMBhagatwalaAChenJH. Polybrachial structures in dimethyl ether edge-flames at negative temperature coefficient conditions. Proc Combust Inst2015; 35(1): 999–1006.
96.
DavisSLawC. Laminar flame speeds and oxidation kinetics of iso-octane-air and n-heptane-air flames. Symposium (international) on combustion, Vol. 27. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 1998, pp.521–527.
97.
Van LipzigJNilssonEDe GoeyLKonnovAA. Laminar burning velocities of n-heptane, iso-octane, ethanol and their binary and tertiary mixtures. Fuel2011; 90(8): 2773–2781.
98.
DavisSWangHBreinskyKLawCK. Laminar flame speeds and oxidation kinetics of benene-air and toluene-air flames. Symposium (international) on combustion, Vol. 26. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 1996, pp.1025–1033.
99.
HanDDengSLiangWZhaoPWuFHuangZ, et al. Laminar flame propagation and nonpremixed stagnation ignition of toluene and xylenes. Proc Combust Inst2017; 36(1): 479–489.
100.
DagautPReuillonMCathonnetM. High pressure oxidation of liquid fuels from low to high temperature. 2. Mixtures of n-heptane and iso-octane. Combust Sci Technol1994; 103(1–6): 315–336.
101.
YuanWLiYDagautPYangJQiF. Investigation on the pyrolysis and oxidation of toluene over a wide range conditions. I. Flow reactor pyrolysis and jet stirred reactor oxidation. Combust Flame2015; 162(1): 3–21.
102.
YangBLiYWeiLHuangCWangJTianZ, et al. An experimental study of the premixed benzene/oxygen/argon flame with tunable synchrotron photoionization. Proc Combust Inst2007; 31(1): 555–563.
103.
LiYCaiJZhangLYuanTZhangKQiF. Investigation on chemical structures of premixed toluene flames at low pressure. Proc Combust Inst2011; 33(1): 593–600.
104.
LiYZhangLTianZYuanTWangJYangB, et al. Experimental study of a fuel-rich premixed toluene flame at low pressure. Energy Fuels2009; 23(3): 1473–1485.
105.
KumarKSungC-J. Laminar flame speeds and extinction limits of preheated n-decane/O2/N2 and n-dodecane/O2/N2 mixtures. Combust Flame2007; 151(1–2): 209–224.
106.
HolleyAYouXDamesEWangHEgolfopoulosFN. Sensitivity of propagation and extinction of large hydrocarbon flames to fuel diffusion. Proc Combust Inst2009; 32(1): 1157–1163.
107.
BieleveldTFrassoldatiACuociAFaravelliTRanziENiemannU, et al. Experimental and kinetic modeling study of combustion of gasoline, its surrogates and components in laminar non-premixed flows. Proc Combust Inst2009; 32(1): 493–500.
108.
KumarKSungC-J. Flame propagation and extinction characteristics of neat surrogate fuel components. Energy Fuels2010; 24(7): 3840–3849.
109.
SeiserRPitschHSeshadriKPitzWCurranH. Extinction and autoignition of n-heptane in counterflow configuration. Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Lab, 2000.
110.
HeywoodJB. Combustion engine fundamentals. 1ª Edição Estados Unidos, 1988.
111.
YangJRaoLZhangYde SilvaCKookS. Flame image velocimetry analysis of reacting jet flow fields with a variation of injection pressure in a small-bore diesel engine. Int J Eng Res. Epub ahead of print 3 October 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1468087420960616.
112.
LuoHNishidaKUchitomiSOgataYZhangWFujikawaT. Effect of spray impingement distance on piston top fuel adhesion in direct injection gasoline engines. Int J Engine Res2020; 21(5): 742–754.
113.
ShibataGNishiuchiSTakaiSKobashiYKanbeHMatsumuraE. Fuel adhesion and oil splash on oil-wet cylinder walls with post diesel fuel injections. Int J Engine Res2020; 22: 1685–1701.
114.
MarktDJrPathakARaessiMLeeS-YTorelliR. Computational characterization of the secondary droplets formed during the impingement of a train of ethanol drops. Int J Engine Res2020; 21(2): 248–262.
115.
MengXHuEYooKHBoehmanALHuangZ. Experimental and numerical study on autoignition characteristics of the polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether/diesel blends. Energy Fuels2019; 33(3): 2538–2546.
116.
SaxenaSBedoyaID. Fundamental phenomena affecting low temperature combustion and HCCI engines, high load limits and strategies for extending these limits. Progr Energy Combust Sci2013; 39(5): 457–488.
117.
SofianopoulosARahimi BoldajiMLawlerBMamalisSDecJE. Effect of engine size, speed, and dilution method on thermal stratification of premixed homogeneous charge compression–ignition engines: a large eddy simulation study. Int J Engine Res2020; 21(9): 1612–1630.
118.
LaceyJKameshwaranKFilipiZFuentes-AfflickPCannellaW. The effect of fuel composition and additive packages on deposit properties and homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion. Int J Engine Res2020; 21(9): 1631–1646.
119.
LiJYangWZhouD. Modeling study on the effect of piston bowl geometries in a gasoline/biodiesel fueled RCCI engine at high speed. Energy Convers Manage2016; 112: 359–368.
120.
AnGJWangXDLuCBXiongCHZhouYJLiuYW, et al. Research progress on polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers as the additive component of diesel fuel. Appl Mech Mater2014; 672: 676–679.
121.
LiLWangJWangZLiuH. Combustion and emissions of compression ignition in a direct injection diesel engine fueled with pentanol. Energy2015; 80: 575–581.
122.
GanesanV. A comprehensive review on oxygenated fuel additive options for unregulated emission reduction from diesel engines. In: Alternative fuels and their utilization strategies in internal combustion engines. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020, pp.141–165.
123.
HanDIckesAMBohacSVHuangZAssanisDN. Premixed low-temperature combustion of blends of diesel and gasoline in a high speed compression ignition engine. Proc Combust Inst2011; 33(2): 3039–3046.
124.
LuXQianYYangZHanDJiJZhouX, et al. Experimental study on compound HCCI (homogenous charge compression ignition) combustion fueled with gasoline and diesel blends. Energy2014; 64: 707–718.
125.
ParkSHYounIMLimYLeeCS. Influence of the mixture of gasoline and diesel fuels on droplet atomization, combustion, and exhaust emission characteristics in a compression ignition engine. Fuel process Technol2013; 106: 392–401.
126.
HanDIckesAMAssanisDNHuangZBohacSV. Attainment and load extension of high-efficiency premixed low-temperature combustion with dieseline in a compression ignition engine. Energy Fuels2010; 24(6): 3517–3525.
127.
PammingerMWangBHallCMVojtechRWallnerT. The impact of water injection and exhaust gas recirculation on combustion and emissions in a heavy-duty compression ignition engine operated on diesel and gasoline. Int J Engine Res2020; 21(8): 1555–1573.
128.
ChenHSuXLiJZhongX. Effects of gasoline and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers blending in diesel on the combustion and emission of a common rail diesel engine. Energy2019; 171: 981–999.
129.
LiBLiuHYuLWangZWangJ. Optimization of piston bowl and valve system in compression ignition engine fueled with gasoline/diesel/polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers for high efficiency. Int J Engine Res2021; 22(2): 468–478.
130.
WeallACollingsN. Investigation into partially premixed combustion in a light-duty multi-cylinder diesel engine fuelled with a mixture of gasoline and diesel. SAE Technical Paper; 2007.
131.
ZhangFXuHRezaeiSZKalghatgiGShuaiS-J. Combustion and emission characteristics of a PPCI engine fuelled with dieseline. SAE Technical Paper; 2012.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
