Diesel spray modeling is a multi-scale problem with complex interactions between different flow regions, that is, internal nozzle flow, near-nozzle region and developed spray, including evaporation and combustion. There are several modeling approaches that have proven particularly useful for some spray regions although they have struggled at other areas, while Eulerian modeling has shown promise in dealing with all characteristics at a reasonable computational effort for engineering calculations. In this work, the –Y single-fluid diffuse-interface model, based on scale separation assumptions at high Reynolds and Weber numbers, is used to simulate the engine combustion network Sprays A and D within a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence modeling approach. The study is divided into two parts. First of all, the larger diameter Spray D is modeled from the nozzle flow till evaporative spray conditions, obtaining successful prediction of numerous spray metrics, paying special attention to the near-nozzle region where spray dispersion and interfacial surface area can be validated against measurements conducted at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory, including both the ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering and the X-ray radiography. Afterwards, an analysis of the modeling predictions is made in comparison with previous results obtained for Spray A, considering the nozzle geometry effects in the modeling behavior.
PayriRGarcíaJSalvadorFGimenoJ.Using spray momentum flux measurements to understand the influence of diesel nozzle geometry on spray characteristics. Fuel2005; 84(5): 551–561.
2.
PayriRSalvadorFGimenoJZapataLD.Diesel nozzle geometry influence on spray liquid-phase fuel penetration in evaporative conditions. Fuel2008; 87(7): 1165–1176.
3.
PayriRSalvadorFGimenoJDe La MorenoJ. Effects of nozzle geometry on direct injection diesel engine combustion process. Appl Therm Eng2009; 29(10): 2051–2060.
4.
PayriFPayriRSalvadorFMartínez-LópezJ.A contribution to the understanding of cavitation effects in diesel injector nozzles through a combined experimental and computational investigation. Comput Fluid2012; 58: 88–101.
5.
KastengrenALTiloccoFZDukeDJPowellCFMoonSZhangX, et al. Time-resolved x-ray radiography of diesel injectors from the engine combustion network. In: Proceedings of the 12th triennial international conference on liquid atomization and spray systems, ICLASS, Heidelberg, 2–6 September 2012. Available at: http://www.ilasseurope.org/ICLASS/iclass2012_Heidelberg/index.html
6.
KastengrenALPowellCFWangYImKSWangJ.X-ray radiography measurements of diesel spray structure at engine-like ambient density. Atom Spray2009; 19(11): 1031–1044.
7.
PickettLManinJKastengrenAPowellCF.Comparison of near-field structure and growth of a diesel spray using light-based optical microscopy and x-ray radiography. SAE Int J Engine2014; 7(2): 1044–1053.
ArientiMSussmanM.A numerical study of the thermal transient in high-pressure diesel injection. Int J Multip Flow2017; 88: 205–221.
10.
ValletABurlukaABorghiR.Development of a Eulerian model for the “atomization” of a liquid jet. Atom Spray2001; 11: 619–642.
11.
SiebersDL.Liquid-phase fuel penetration in diesel sprays. SAE Int J Engine1998; 107: 1205–1227.
12.
SiebersDL.Scaling liquid-phase fuel penetration in diesel sprays based on mixing-limited vaporization. SAE Int J Engine1999; 108: 703–728.
13.
SiebersDL.Recent developments on diesel fuel jets under quiescent conditions. In: ArcoumanisCKamimotoT (eds) Flow and combustion in reciprocating engines. Berlin: Springer, 2008, pp.257–308.
14.
OefeleinJDahmsRLacazeG.Detailed modeling and simulation of high-pressure fuel injection processes in diesel engines. SAE Int J Engine2012; 5(3): 10.
15.
OefeleinJCDahmsRNLacazeGManinGPickettLM. Effects of pressure on the fundamental physics of fuel injection in diesel engines. In: Proceedings of the 12th triennial international conference on liquid atomization and spray systems, ICLASS, Heidelberg, 2–6 September 2012. Available at: http://www.ilasseurope.org/ICLASS/iclass2012_Heidelberg/index.html
16.
DemoulinFXReveillonJDuretBBoualiZDesjonqueresPMenrdT.Toward using direct numerical simulation to improve primary break-up modeling. Atom Spray2013; 23(11): 957–980.
17.
DesantesJMGarcía-OliverJMPastorJMPandalA.A comparison of diesel sprays CFD modelling approaches: DDM vs Σ–Y Eulerian atomization model. Atom Spray2016; 26(7): 713–737.
18.
DesantesJMGarcía-OliverJMPastorJMPandalABaldwinESchmidtDP.Coupled / decoupled spray simulation comparison of the ECN spray a condition with the Σ–Y Eulerian atomization model. Int J Multip Flow2016; 80: 89–99.
19.
García-OliverJMPastorJMPandalATraskNBaldwinESchmidtDP.Diesel spray CFD simulations based on the Σ–Y Eulerian atomization model. Atom Spray2013; 23: 71–95.
20.
Navarro-MartinezS.Large eddy simulation of spray atomization with a probability density function method. Int J Multip Flow2014; 63: 11–22.
21.
PandalAPastorJMGarcía-OliverJMBaldwinESchmidtDP.A consistent, scalable model for Eulerian spray modeling. Int J Multip Flow2016; 83: 162–171.
22.
PandalAPayriRGarcía-OliverJMPastorJM.Optimization of spray break-up CFD simulations by combining Σ–Y Eulerian atomization model with a response surface methodology under diesel engine-like conditions (ECN Spray A). Comput Fluid2017; 156: 9–20.
23.
PandalAGarcía-OliverJMNovellaRPastorJM.A computational analysis of local flow for reacting diesel sprays by means of an Eulerian CFD model. Int J Multip Flow2018; 99: 257–272.
24.
PayriRRuizSGimenoJMartí-AldaravíP.Verification of a new CFD compressible segregated and multi-phase solver with different flux updates-equations sequences. Appl Math Model2015; 39(2): 851–861.
25.
SalvadorFGimenoJPastorJMMartí-AldaravíP.Effect of turbulence model and inlet boundary condition on the diesel spray behavior simulated by an Eulerian spray atomization (ESA) model. Int J Multip Flow2014; 65: 108–116.
26.
DemoulinFBeauPBlokkeelGMuraABorghiR.A new model for turbulent flows with large density fluctuations: application to liquid atomization. Atom Spray2007; 17: 315–345.
27.
PandalAPastorJMPayriRKastengrenADukeDMatusikK, et al. Computational and experimental investigation of interfacial area in near-field diesel spray simulation. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr2017; 10: 423–431.
WellerHTaborGJasakHFurebyC.A tensorial approach to computational continuum mechanics using object-oriented techniques. Comput Phys1998; 12: 620–631.
30.
ReidRPrausnitzJPolingB.The properties of gases and liquids. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.
31.
FaethG.Evaporation and combustion of sprays. Prog Energ Combust Sci1983; 9(1–2): 1–76.
32.
PitzerKSLippmannDZCurlRFJrHugginsCMPetersenDE. The volumetric and thermodynamic properties of fluids. II. Compressibility factor, vapor pressure and entropy of vaporization. J Am Chem Soc1955; 77(13): 3433–3440.
33.
ValletABorghiR.Modélisation Eulerienne de l’atomisation d’un jet liquide. CR Acad Sci1999; 327: 1015–1020.
34.
LebasRMenardTBeauPBerlemontADemoulinFX.Numerical simulation of primary break-up and atomization: DNS and modeling study. Int J Multip Flow2009; 35: 247–260.
35.
DuretBReveillonJMenardTDemoulinFX.Improving primary atomization modeling through DNS of two-phase flows. Int J Multip Flow2013; 55: 130–137.
36.
GimenoJBrachoGMartí-AldaravíPPerazaJE.Experimental study of the injection conditions influence over n-dodecane and diesel sprays with two ECN single-hole nozzles. Part I: inert Atmosphere. Energ Convers Manag2016; 126: 1146–1156.
37.
KastengrenAIlavskyJVieraJPPayriRDukeDJSwantekA, et al. Measurements of droplet size in shear-driven atomization using ultra-small angle x-ray scattering. Int J Multip Flow2017; 92: 131–139.
38.
KastengrenATiloccoFZPowellCFManinJPickettLMPayriR, et al. Engine combustion network (ECN): measurements of nozzle geometry and hydraulic behavior. Atom Spray2012; 22: 1011–1052.
39.
MatusikKEDukeDJKastengrenALSovisNSwantekABPowellCP.High-resolution x-ray tomography of engine combustion network diesel injectors. Int J Engine Res2018; 19(9): 963–976.
40.
PayriRGimenoJCuisanoJArcoJ.Hydraulic characterization of diesel engine single-hole injectors. Fuel2016; 180: 357–366.
41.
NaberJSiebersD.Effects of gas density and vaporization on penetration and dispersion of diesel sprays. SAE technical paper960034, 1996.
PopeS.An explanation of the turbulent round-jet/plane-jet anomaly. AIAA1978; 16: 279–281.
44.
BattistoniMMagnottiGMGenzaleCLArientiMMatusikKEDukeDJ, et al. Experimental and computational investigation of subcritical near-nozzle spray structure and primary atomization in the engine combustion network spray. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr2018; 11: 337–352.
45.
DesantesJMGarcía-OliverJMPastorJMPandalANaudBMatusikK, et al. Modelling and validation of near-field diesel spray CFD simulations based on the Σ–Y model. In: Proceedings of the 28th conference on liquid atomization and spry systems ILASS Europe Paper, Valencia, 6–8 September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4715
46.
ChesnelJReveillonJMenardTDemoulinFX.Large eddy simulation of liquid jet atomization. Atom Spray2011; 21(9): 711–736.
47.
DevassyBMHabchiCDanielE.Atomization modelling of liquid jets using a two-surface-density approach. Atom Spray2015; 25(1): 47–80.
48.
EagleWMusculusMMalbecLGillesB. Measuring transient entrainment rates of a confined vaporizing diesel jet. In: Presentation at the ILASS Americas 26th annual conference on liquid atomization and spray systems, Portland, OR, 18–21 May 2014. Livermore, CA: Sandia National Lab.
49.
García-OliverJMMalbecLMTodaHBBruneauxG.A study on the interaction between local flow and flame structure for mixing-controlled diesel sprays. Combust Flame2017; 179: 157–171.
50.
HanDMungalM.Direct measurement of entrainment in reacting/nonreacting turbulent jets. Combust Flame2001; 124(3): 370–386.
51.
HillBJ.Measurement of local entrainment rate in the initial region of axisymmetric turbulent air jets. J Fluid Mech1973; 51(4): 773–779.
52.
PostSAJIyerV. A study of near-field entrainment in gas jets and sprays under diesel conditions. ASME J Fluid Eng1999; 122(2): 385–395.
