The purpose of the present study was to assess the exact conditions under which cerebral concussions occur in full-contact taekwondo competition. Injury data were collected by project staff and tournament medical personnel with simple check-off forms that describe the athlete and nature, site, circumstances and severity of the injury. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the difference in injury rate between men and women. The men (7.04/1,000 athlete-exposures) sustained more cerebral concussions than the women (2.42/1,000 athlete-exposures) (p<0.001). The dominant injury mechanism in both the males and females was receiving a blow (6.46/1,000 athlete-exposures and 2.42/ 1,000 ath lete-exposures for the men and women, respectively).
Birrer R.B. and Birrer C.D. (1983). Unreported injuries in the martial arts. Brit J Sports Med ;17, 131-134
2.
Blijd C., Claessen M., Westerhof B., Blijd E. and Pieter W. (1995). Injuries at the 1994 European Wushu Championships . In: 1995 ICHPER.SD 38th World Congress Proceedings, P21-P22. (J W Varnes, D Gamble, M B Horodyski, eds). Gainesville: The University of Florida College of Health and Human Performance
3.
Buckley W.E. (1988). Concussions in college football. A multivariate analysis. Am J Sports Med;16,51-56
4.
Butler R.J., Forsythe W.I., Beverly D.W. and Adams L.A. (1993). A prospective controlled investigation of the cognitive effects of amateur boxing. J Neurol Neurosur Psy;56, 1055-1061
5.
Cantu C. and Voy R. (1995). Second impact syndrome. A risk in any contact sport. Phys Sportsmed; 23, 27-28, 31-34
6.
Chapman P.J. (1989). Players' attitudes to mouthguards and prevalence of orofacial injuries in the 1987 US Rugby Football Team. Am J Sports Med;17, 690-691
7.
Estwanik J.J., Boitano M. and Ari N.
8.
( 1984). Amateur boxing injuries at the 1981 and 1982 USA/ABF National Championships. Phys Sportsmed;12, 123-128
9.
Haglund Y. and Bergstrand G. (1990). Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? 2. A retrospective study with CT and MRI. Acta Neurol Scand;82, 297-302
10.
Johannsen H.V. and Noerregaard F O H (1988). Prevention of injury in karate. Brit J Sports Med;22, 113-115
11.
Johnson J. (1969). Organic psychosyndromes due to boxing. Brit J Psychiatry;115: 45-53
12.
Jordan B.D. and Zimmerman R.D. (1988). Magentic resonance imaging in amateur boxers. Arch Neurol;45, 1207-1208
13.
Jorritsma L S M (1987). Veiligheid Boksen. Rapport van de Commissie Veiligheid Boksen. Rijswijk: Ministerie van WVC
14.
Lampert P.W. and Hardman J.M. (1984). Morphological changes in brains of boxers. JAMA;251, 2676-2679
15.
Mclatchie G.R. (1976). Analysis of karate injuries sustained in 295 contests . Inj.: Brit J Acc Surg-, 8, 132-134
16.
Mclatchie G.R., Commandre F.A., Zakarian H., Vanuxem P., Lamendin H., Barrault D. and Chau P.Q. (1994). Injuries in the martial arts. In: Clinical Practice of Sports Injury Prevention and Care. Volume V of the Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine, 609-623. (P A F H Renstrbm, ed). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
17.
Mclatchie G.R., Davies J.E. and Caul-Ley J.H. (1980). Injuries in karate - a case for medical control . J Trauma; 20, 956-958
18.
Murelius O. and Haglund Y. (1991). Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? 4. A retrospective neuropsychological study. Acta Neurol Scand; 83, 9-13
19.
Nelson W.E., Jane J.A. and Gieck J.H. (1984). Minor head injury in sports: a new system of classification and management. Phys Sportsmed;12, 103-107
20.
Oler M., Tomson W., Pepe H., Yoon D., Branoff R. and Branch J. (1991). Morbidity and mortality in the martial arts: a warning. J Trauma;31, 251—253
21.
Pieter F. and Pieter W. (1995). Speed and force of selected taekwondo techniques . Biol Sport;12, 257-266
22.
Pieter W. (1996a). Brain injury in elite combative athletes. Presented at the 1996 International Pre-Olympic Scientific Congress , Dallas, TX, USA, July 10-14
23.
Pieter W. (1996b). Martial arts. In: Epidemiology of Sport Injuries, 268-283. (D Caine, C Caine and K Lindner, eds). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books
24.
Pieter W. (1995). Sportletsels, naar tak van sport: taekwondo. In: Sportgezondheidszorg in de Praktijk, 3205/1-3205/42. (F J G Backx, B Coumans, eds). Bohn Stafleu van Loghum: Houten/Zaventem
25.
Pieter W. and Heijmans J. (1997). Scientific Coaching for Olympic Taekwondo. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Verlag
26.
Pieter W. and Lufting R. (1994). Injuries at the 1991 Taekwondo World Championships . J Sp Traum Rel Res;16, 49-57
27.
Pieter W., Van Rijssegem G., Lufting R. and Heijmans J. (1995). Injury situation and injury mechanism at the 1993 European Taekwondo Cup. J Hum Mov Stud;28, 1-24
28.
Pieter W. and Zemper E.D. (1995). Foot injuries in taekwondo. In: 1995 ICHPER.SD 38th World Congress Proceedings, P165-P166. ( J W Varnes, D Gamble, M B Horodyski, eds). Gainesville: The University of Florida College of Health and Human Performance
29.
Porter M. and O'Brien M. (1996). Incidence and severity of injuries resulting from amateur boxing in Ireland. Clin J Sport Med; 6, 97-101
30.
Ryan A.J. (1983). Eliminate boxing gloves. Phys Sportsmed; 11, 49
31.
Saunders R.L. and Harbaugh R.E. (1984). The second impact in catastrophic contact-sports head trauma. JAMA;252, 538-539
32.
Schwartz M.L., Hudson A.R., Fernie G.R., Hayashi K. and Coleclough A.A. (1986). Biomechanical study of full-contact karate contrasted with boxing. J Neurosurg-, 64, 248-252
33.
Smith P.K. (1987). Punching impact effect of the karate, boxing, and the thumbless boxing glove. In: Biomechanics III & IV. Proceedings of ISBS, 57-61 (J Terauds, B A Gowitzke and L Holt, eds). Del Mar, CA: Academic Publishers
34.
Stricevic M.V., Patel M.R., Okazaki T. and Swain B.K. (1983). Karate: historical perspective and injuries sustained in national and international tournament competitions. Am J Sports Med;11: 320-324
35.
Symonds C. (1962). Concussion and its sequelae. Lancet; I: 1-5
36.
Whiting W.C., Gregor R.J. and Finer-Man G.A. (1988). Kinematic analysis of human upper extremity movements in boxing. Am J Sports Med; 16, 130-136
37.
Zemper E.D. and Pieter W. (1991). A two-year prospective study of taekwondo injuries at national competitions. Presented at the International Congress and Exposition on Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Vancouver, BC, Canada, April 16-20
38.
Zemper E.D. and Pieter W. (1989). Injury rates during the 1988 US Olympic Team Trials for taekwondo. Br J Sp Med;23, 161-164
