This article brings together the anthropological, sociological, and related literature on media, emotion, and performance to explore the role of counter-summit protests within anti-corporate globalization movements. Counter-summit actions produce both external and internal effects, allowing activists to communicate political messages, while generating deeply felt emotions and political identities. However, activists eventually tire while public interest may wane as protests become routine. Moreover, the most unpredictable, free form actions which produce high levels of affective solidarity among core activists often elicit media frames that stigmatize or trivialize protesters. Through comparative ethnographic accounts of mass mobilizations in Prague and Barcelona and subsequent media analysis, I argue that counter-summit protests are important networking tools, but they are difficult to reproduce over time, while the emotional and media impacts of counter-summit actions are often contradictory. I further suggest that grasping the affective dimensions of protest requires an engaged and embodied ethnographic praxis.
Abu-Lughod, L. and C.A. Lutz (eds) (1990) Language and the Politics of Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2.
Altheide, D.L. and R.P. Snow (1991) Media Worlds in the Postjournalism Era. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
3.
Amenta, E. and N. Caren (2004) The Legislative, Organizational, and Beneficiary Consequences of State-Oriented Challengers, in D.A. Snow, S.A. Soule, and H. Kriesi (eds) The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, pp. 461-88. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
4.
Aminzade, R. and D. McAdam (2001) Emotions and Contentious Politics, in R. Aminzade et al. (eds) Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics, pp. 14-50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5.
Appadurai, A. (1996) Modernity at Large. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press.
6.
Arquilla, J. and D. Ronfeldt (2001) Networks and Netwars. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
7.
Auyero, J. (2002) The Judge, the Cop, and the Queen of Carnival, Theory and Society31: 151-87.
8.
Ayres, J.M. (1998) Defying Conventional Wisdom. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
9.
Bakhtin, M. (1984) Rabelais and His World. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
10.
Barker, C. (2001) Fear, Laughter, and Collective Power, in J. Goodwin et al. (eds) Passionate Politics , pp. 175-94. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
11.
Baumann, R. (1977) Verbal Art as Performance. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers.
12.
Beeman, W.O. (1993) The Anthropology of Theater and Spectacle, Annual Review of Anthropology22: 369-93.
13.
Benford, R.D. and S.A. Hunt (1992) Dramaturgy and Social Movements, Sociological Inquiry62(1): 36-55.
14.
Burstein, P. (1999) Social Movements and Public Policy, in M. Giugni, D. McAdam , and C. Tilly (eds) How Social Movements Matter, pp. 3-21. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
15.
Calhoun, C. (2001) Putting Emotions in Their Place, in J. Goodwin et al. (eds) Passionate Politics , pp. 45-57. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
16.
Canetti, E. (1962) Crowds and Power. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux.
17.
Castells, M. (1996) The Rise of Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell.
18.
Chesters, G. and I. Welsh (2004) Rebel Colours, The Sociological Review52(3): 314-35.
19.
Collins, R. (1990) Stratification, Emotional Energy, and the Transient Emotions, in T. Kemper (ed.) Research Agendas in the Socio1ogy of Emotions, pp. 27-57. Albany : State University of New York Press.
20.
Collins, R. (2001) Social Movements and the Focus of Emotional Attention , in J. Goodwin, J.M. Jasper and F. Polletta (eds) Passionate Politics, pp. 27-44. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
21.
Csordas, T.J. (1990) Embodiment as a Paradigm for Anthropology, Ethos18(1): 5-47.
22.
della Porta, D. (1999) Protest, Protesters, and Protest Policing, in M. Giugni, D. McAdam and C. Tilly (eds) How Social Movements Matter, pp. 66-96. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
23.
DeLuca, K.M. (1999) Image Politics. New York: Guilford Press.
24.
Earl, J. (2000) Methods, Movements, and Outcomes, Social Movements , Conflicts, and Change22: 3-25.
25.
Earl, J. (2004) The Cultural Consequences of Social Movements, in D.A. Snow, S.A. Soule and H. Kriesi (eds) The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, pp. 508-29. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
26.
Epstein, B. (1991) Political Protest and Cultural Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
27.
Fox, J.A. and L.D. Brown (1998) The Struggle for Accountability. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
28.
Galeano, E. (1997) Open Veins of Latin America. New York: Monthly Review Press.
29.
Gamson, W.A. (1990) The Strategy of Social Protest, 2nd edn. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
30.
Gamson, W.A. and A. Modigliani (1989) Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power , American Journal of Sociology95(1): 1-37.
31.
Gedicks, A. (2001) Resource Rebels. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.
32.
Gitlin, T. (1980) The Whole World is Watching. Berkeley: University of California Press.
33.
Giugny, M. (2004) Personal and Biographical Consequences, in D.A. Snow, S.A. Soule, and H. Kriesi (eds) The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, pp. 489-507. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
34.
Goodwin, J. et al. (2000) The Return of the Repressed, Mobilization5(1): 65-84.
35.
Gould, D. (2001) Life During Wartime, Mobilization7(2): 177-200.
36.
Graeber, D. (2002) The New Anarchists, New Left Review13: 61-73.
37.
Groves, J.M. (1995) Learning to Feel, The Sociological Review43(3): 435-61.
38.
Hall, S. (1974) Deviance, Politics and the Media, in P. Rock and M. McIntosh (eds) Deviance and Social Control, pp. 261-306. London : Tavistock Publications.
39.
Handelman, D. (1990) Models and Mirrors. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
40.
Hardt, M. and A. Negri (2004) Multitude. New York: Penguin Press.
41.
Hetherington, K. (1998) Expressions of Identity. London : SAGE.
42.
Hochschild, A.R. (1979) Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure , The American Journal of Sociology85(3): 551-75.
43.
Jacknis, I. (1988) Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson in Bali, Cultural Anthropology3(2): 160-77.
44.
Jasper, J.M. (1998) The Emotions of Protest, Sociological Forum13(3): 397-424.
45.
Jordan, J. (1998) The Art of Necessity, in G. McKay (ed.) DiY Culture, pp. 129-51. London: Verso.
46.
Juris, J. (2004) Networked Social Movements, in M. Castells (ed.) The Network Society, pp. 341-62. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
47.
Juris, J. (2005a) The New Digital Media and Activist Networking within Anti-Corporate Globalization Movements, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science597: 189-208.
48.
Juris, J. (2005b) Violence Performed and Imagined, Critique of Anthropology25(4): 413-32.
49.
Juris, J. (2007) Practicing Militant Ethnography with the Movement for Global Resistance (MRG) in Barcelona, in S. Shukaitis and D. Graeber (eds) Constituent Imaginations, pp. 164-78. Oakland, CA: AK Press.
50.
Kapchan, D.A. (1995) Performance, Journal of American Folklore108(430): 479-508.
51.
Katsiaficas, G. (1997) European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.
52.
Klein, N. (1999) No Logo. New York: Picador.
53.
Lancaster, R.N. (1997) Gutos Performance, in R.N. Lancaster and M. di Leonardo (eds) The Gender/Sexuality Reader, pp. 559-74. New York: Routledge.
54.
Lofland, J. (1982) Crowd Joys, Urban Life10(4): 355-81.
55.
Lyon, M.L. (1995) Missing Emotion, Cultural Anthropology10(2): 244-63.
56.
Lyon, M.L. and J.M. Barbalet (1994) Societys Body, in T.J. Csordas (ed.) Embodiment Experience, pp. 48-68. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
57.
Mauss, M. (1973) Techniques of the Body, Economy and Society2(1): 70-88.
58.
McAdam, D. (1989) The Biographical Consequences of Activism, American Sociological Review54: 744-60.
59.
McCarthy, J.D., J. Smith and M. Zald (1996) Accessing Public, Media, Electoral, and Governmental Agendas, in D. McAdam, J.D. McCarthy and M.N. Zald (eds) Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements , pp. 299-311. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
60.
Melucci, A. (1989) Nomads of the Present. London : Hutchinson Radius.
61.
Parr, H. (2001) Feeling, Reading, and Making Bodies in Space, The Geographical Review91(1-2): 158-67.
62.
Peterson, A. (2001) Contemporary Political Protest. Aldershot: Ashgate.
63.
Polletta, F. (2002) Freedom is an Endless Meeting. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
64.
Pulido, L. (2003) The Interior Life of Politics, Ethics, Place and Environment6(1): 46-52.
65.
Robnett, B. (1997) How Long? How Long?New York : Oxford University Press.
66.
Rosaldo, R.I. (1984) Grief and a Headhunters Rage, in S. Plattner and E. Bruner (eds) Text, Play, and Story, pp. 178-95. Washington, DC: American Ethnological Society.
67.
Routledge, P. (1994) Backstreets, Barricades, and Blackouts, Environment and Planning D12: 559-78.
68.
Routledge, P. (1997) The Imagineering of Resistance, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS22: 359-76.
69.
Routledge, P. (1998) Going Globile, in S. Dalby and G.Ó. Tuathail (eds) Rethinking Geopolitics, pp. 240-60. London: Routledge.
70.
Routledge, P. and J. Simons (1995) Embodying Spirits of Resistance, Environment and Planning D13: 471-98.
71.
Scheper-Hughes, N. (1995) The Primacy of the Ethical, Current Anthropology36(3): 409-20.
72.
Scheper-Hughes, N. and M.M. Locke (1987) The Mindful Body, Medical Anthropology Quarterly1: 6-41.
73.
Schieffelin, E.L. (1985) Performance and the Cultural Construction of Reality , American Ethnologist12: 707-24.
74.
Sklar, D. (1994) Can Bodylore be Brought to its Senses?, Journal of American Folklore107(423): 9-22.
75.
Smith, D. and R. Erickson (1997) For Love or Money?, Social Perspectives on Emotion4: 317-46.
76.
Smith, P.J. and E. Smythe (2001) Globalization, Citizenship, and Technology, in F. Weber (ed.) Culture and Politics in the Information Age, pp. 183-206. London: Routledge.
77.
Snow, D.A. and P.E. Oliver (1995) Social Movements and Collective Behavior, in K. Cook, G. Fine and J. House (eds) Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology, pp. 571-99. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
78.
Starhawk (2002) Webs of Power. Gabriola Island, BCNew Society Publishers .
79.
Taylor, V. (1995) Watching for Vibes, in M.M. Ferree and P.Y. Martin (eds) Feminist Organizations, pp. 223-33. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
80.
Taylor, V. and N. Whittier (1992) Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities , in A. Morris and C. Mueller (eds) Frontiers of Social Movement Theory, pp. 104-29. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
81.
Taylor, V. and N. Whittier (1995) Analytical Approaches to Social Movement Culture , in H. Johnston and B. Klandermans (eds) Social Movements and Culture, pp. 163-87. London: Routledge .
82.
Thompson, J.B. (1995) The Media and Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
83.
Thrift, N. (2004) Intensities of Feeling, Geografiska Annaler86: 57-78.
84.
Turner, V. (1969) The Ritual Process. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishers.
85.
Turner, V. (1982) From Ritual to Theater. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications.
86.
Turner, V. (1986) The Anthropology of Performance. New York: PAJ Publications.
87.
Wacquant, L. (2004) Body & Soul. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
88.
Walton, J. and D. Seddon (1994) Free Markets and Food Riots. Oxford: Blackwell.
89.
Weissman, R. (1999) Democracy is in the Streets. Available online at: [http://multinationalmonitor.org], accessed 16 November 2007.
90.
Wood, E.J. (2001) The Emotional Benefits of Insurgency in El Salvador , in J. Goodwin, J.M. Jasper and F. Polletta (eds) Passionate Politics, pp. 267-81. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
91.
Yang, G. (2000) Achieving Emotions in Collective Action, The Sociological Quarterly41(4): 593-614.
92.
Young, K. (1993) Still Life with Corpses, in K. Young (ed.) Bodylore, pp. 111-33. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
93.
Zolberg, A.R. (1972) Moments of Madness, Politics and Society2(2): 183-207.
